Background:Medical training involves a long and exhaustive curriculum in which students are frequently evaluated by examinations. Pre-examination stress is a common condition faced by students prior to exams and is one of the most widely experienced problems for medical students. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of exam stress on autonomic nervous system functions of students through cardiovascular parameters and respiratory tests. Materials and Methods:The study group consisted of 29 second-year medical students. This cross-sectional study was carried out from February to March 2020 at Harran University, Turkey. The parameters used were oxygen saturation, pulse rate (PR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulmonary function tests. Data were collected four times during an exam period (10 days, 7 days, and 1 hour before the exam and 1 hour after the exam). Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the measurements of PR, SBP, and DBP at different times (p˂0.001; p=0.001; p=0.003, respectively). When the average values of the measurements of Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and vital capacity (VC) at different times were compared, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p˂0.001; p= 0.006; p˂0.001; p˂0.001, respectively). As a result of the sympathetic nervous system induction, hemodynamic and respiratory tests increased gradually until the examination. The results of correlation analysis showed a negative relationship between PR, and FVC, FEV1, VC. Conclusions: It is evident that medical students undergo stress during their pre-exam period. It is thought that constant exposure to stress can disrupt the homeostatic balance in the long term and may be risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Background Alopecia areata is a dermatological disease characterized by nonscarring type hair loss. The cause of Alopecia areata not known exactly but studies support that it has an autoimmune etiology in which oxidative stress play an important role. Aim This study was conducted to evaluate the level of nitrosative stress in Alopecia areata and to investigate the predictive power of nitrosative stress parameters for Alopecia areata. Patients/Methods Thirty patients diagnosed with Alopecia areata, and 30 healthy controls were included in a prospective, cross‐sectional study. In both groups, nitric oxide (NO·), peroxynitrite (ONOO−), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity as nitrosative stress markers were measured spectrophotometrically in serum samples. The predictive power of nitrosative stress parameters in Alopecia areata and control groups was compared with binary logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis. Results NO·, ONOO−, and NOS activity were significantly higher in patients with Alopecia areata than in the control group (p = 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively). A positive correlation was found between the parameters. Significantly, binary logistic regression modeling suggested that increases in NOS (p = 0.003, OR = 1.305, 95% CI = 1.095–1.556) activity were associated with Alopecia areata. Conclusion According to the data obtained from the present study, patients with Alopecia areata were exposed to potent nitrosative stress. In particular, peroxynitrite, which acts as a bridge between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, caused the expansion of the oxidative stress cascade. Nitrosative stress might play a role in the etiopathogenesis of Alopecia areata. Nitrosative stress parameters, particularly NOS activity, may be potential markers for Alopecia areata.
Amaç: Gelişmiş ülkelerde en sık görülen hipertiroidi nedeni olarak belirtilen Graves hastalığı, tirotoksikoz, diffüz guatr ve oftalmopati ile karakterize otoimmün bir hastalıktır. Tiroid hormonunun, kardiyovasküler hemodinamiği değiştirebilecek etkilere sahip olması, hipertroidili hastaların kardiyovasküler komplikasyonlara yakalanma riskini arttırmaktadır. Tam kan sayımında rutin olarak rapor edilen; ortalama trombosit hacmi başta olmak üzere, trombosit indeksleri kardiyovasküler hastalıkların gelişimi ve takibinde önemli biyobelirteçler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmamızda Graves hastalığının kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ile ilişkisini değerlendirebilmek amacıyla trombosit indekslerinin rolü araştırıldı. Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 33 Graves hipertiroidili hasta ile cinsiyet, yaş ve vücut kitle indeksi benzer 37 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edildi. Çalışmada rutin olarak ölçülmüş olan trombosit indeksleri ve tiroid fonksiyon parametreleri incelendi. Bulgular: Graves hastaları ile kontrol grupları arasında trombosit sayısı ve trombosit yüzdesi bakımından anlamlı herhangi bir fark bulunmazken (sırasıyla; p= 0,202; p= 0,289), ortalama trombosit hacmi ve trombosit dağılım genişliği Graves hastalarında kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı ölçüde yüksek bulundu (sırasıyla; p< 0,001; p= 0,015). Ayrıca Graves hastalarında ortalama trombosit hacmi ve trombosit dağılım genişliği ile serbest triiyodotironin arasında anlamlı pozitif ilişki saptanmıştır (sırasıyla; r= 0,505; p= 0,003 ve r= 0,366; p= 0,036). Yapılan alıcı işletim karakteristiği (ROC) analizine göre Graves hastalarında, ortalama trombosit hacmi ve trombosit dağılım genişliği düzeylerinin kardiyovasküler hastalıkların risk değerlendirilmesi için kabul edilebilir bir prediktif değere sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, Graves hastalarında kardiyovasküler hastalıkları öngörebilecek önemli biyobelirteçler olduğu düşünülen ortalama trombosit hacmi ve trombosit dağılım genişliği yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu durum Graves hastalarının kardiyovasküler hastalıklara yakalanma riskinin yüksek olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.
Introduction: Evaluation of the prognosis in the early period of intensive care patients and arranging the treatment accordingly is of vital importance. In the present study, we investigated whether serum thiol/disulphide concentration can be used in the follow-up of prognosis in the early period in patients with COVID-19 under intensive care.Methods: The study included 25 patients [their ages were between 19 and 92; 10 (40%) were male and 15 (60%) were female] who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). The patients were followed for four weeks. On the first, third, and fifth days of intensive care treatment, venous blood samples were taken from the patients to analyze the thiol/disulphide parameters, and coma scores were calculated. Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between thiol/disulphide levels and the prognosis of COVID-19 patients.Results: At the end of the four-week follow-up of the patients included in the study, 9 were discharged and 16 died. In patients who died, the relationship between thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters and coma scores was not statistically significant. Meanwhile, in discharged patients, the relationship between disulphide concentration, total thiol, and coma scores was statistically significant. Conclusion:The relationship between thiol/disulphide homeostasis and coma scores in COVID-19 patients treated in the intensive care unit may help to evaluate the prognosis of the disease in the early period, thus the effectiveness of medical intervention.
Amaç: Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19), tehlikeli küresel bir pandemi olarak tüm dünyada yüksek morbidite ve mortaliteye yol açmıştır. Oksidatif stres, proteinler, lipitler ve DNA üzerinde güçlü etkilere sahip olup, çeşitli hücresel fonksiyonların bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle oksidatif stresin; nörodejeneratif, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, diyabet ve metabolik sendrom gibi birçok hastalığın patogenezinde rol oynadığı gösterilmiştir. COVID-19'da oksidatif stresin olası rolüne dair birçok kanıt bulunmasına rağmen hastalık seyri boyunca nasıl değiştiği bilinmemektedir. Materyal Metod: Bu çalışmaya hafif, orta ve yüksek semptom gösteren 18 kadın, 25 erkek olmak üzere toplam 43 COVID-19 hastaları dahil edilmiştir. Hastalardan; 15. gün, 30. gün, 45. gün ve 60. gün olmak üzere 4 defa venöz kan örnekleri alınıp; serumlarında MDA, Protein karbonil, total antioksidan ve total oksidan düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Bulgular: Erkeklerde 45. ve 60. günlerdeki total antioksidan düzeyleri kadınlara kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ölçüde yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Total oksidan düzeyleri yüksek semptom gösteren hastalarda diğer semtomlara kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ölçüde yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Hastalar yaşlara göre kıyaslandığında ise MDA, PC ve total oksidan düzeyleri 47 yaşının üzerinde olan hastalarda anlamlı ölçüde yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç: COVID-19’un oksidatif strese neden olduğu ve bu durumun membran yapısını bozma, inflamasyon, apoptoz ve semptomların daha şiddetli olmasına neden olacağı kanaatindeyiz. Bu nedenle COVID-19 hastalarına özellikle 47 yaşının üzerindeki erkek hastalarına etkili tedavi stratejilerinden biri olarak antioksidan maddelerin uygulanması önerilebilir.
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