Recent studies have been established high degree of genetic diversity in solid organ tumors' cells and also among individuals. This intratumor and intertumor genetic diversity lead to a heterogeneous tumor with special characteristics, and therefore, drug efficacy can be affected. Nowadays, personalized medicine is a powerful strategy for the cancer treatment and overcoming drug resistance. The main goal of pharmacogenomics is clarifying complex genetic network behind drug efficacy and drug resistance. In this regard, targeted therapy is one the most important tools which can be more effective when used along with pharmacogenomics data. The accumulation of knowledge about the differences between normal and cancer cells and differences among cancer cells has allowed for the development of new treatments which target the key molecules involved in cancer initiation, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, survival, and invasion. For some of the most common cancers, notably lung cancer, due to high incidence, prevalence, mortality, and greater tendency to drug resistance; personalized medicine can play an important role to overcome these problems. In this review we summarized the history of pharmacogenomics and then, we discussed the place of pharmacogenomics in cancer targeted therapy with focusing on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a major health problem worldwide. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic hepatitis C (CHC), chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are the most common etiologies of CLD. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for assessment of liver fibrosis, however, it is an invasive method. This review attempts to evaluate the usefulness of serum adiponectin, serum leptin, serum ferritin, serum transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and serum platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) as non-invasive markers in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. A systematic search in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and local databases was performed to identify articles published in English or Persian as of November 2017. Studies conducted among CLD patients, with biopsy proven fibrosis/cirrhosis, and providing sufficient details of patients' clinicopathological characteristics were included. In the 95 studies included, there were a total of 15,548 CLD patients. More than 83% of studies were carried out in Asia and Europe. The relationship between liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and serum levels of ferritin, adiponectin, leptin, TGF-β1, and PDGF-BB was assessed in 42, 33, 27, nine, and three studies, respectively. Serum levels of the markers, particularly ferritin, could successfully predict liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, however, these data might not be clinically replicated and further studies are needed.

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Background:This study was performed in response to the rapid propagation of HIV/AIDS across Iran and its status in this region. Accordingly, an evidence-based program is required to combat this disease.Objectives:The present study estimated the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in East Azerbaijan (population: 3,724,000).Materials and Methods:We created a database of all positive cases from 1987 to 2012. We also analyzed and described the epidemiological status of HIV/AIDS during a 25-year period by using SPSS.Results:In East Azerbaijan, 371 HIV/AIDS cases have been reported, i.e. 1 case per 10,000 population. The vast majority of reported cases (91%, n =338) were men, whereas only 9% (n = 33) were women. The mean age of patients was 30.8 ± 12.3 years. Unsafe drug injection (59%, n = 219) and sexual interaction (13%, n = 48) were the two major modes of HIV transmission. In addition, 7% (n = 25) of patients have been diagnosed with HIV, hepatitis B Virus, and hepatitis C virus simultaneously. Moreover, 60% (n = 205) of men were infected via drug injection, while 82% (n = 27) of women were infected via unprotected sexual interaction (P < 0.001).Conclusions:The results indicate a rapid increase in the number of HIV/AIDS cases in East Azerbaijan, necessitating immediate attention and strategies to combat the rapid spread of the disease. Development of provincial and national HIV/AIDS strategies demands more accurate and comprehensive HIV/AIDS surveillance.