Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most important mental disorders in recent years. However, the effects of prenatal sleep disorders on the development of PPD among pregnant women have not been elucidated. This review aims to provide a summary of the literature evaluating the relation between sleep disorders during pregnancy and PPD. Method A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase up to September 2020. All observational studies (cross‐sectional, case–control, and cohort) and studies that assessed the association between sleep disorders during pregnancy and PPD were included. Total sample of 36,873 women from 13 studies was entered to meta‐analysis. An aggregate effect size estimate (odds ratio) was generated using the comprehensive meta‐analysis software. A random effects model was set a priori. Heterogeneity and publication bias were examined using the standard meta‐analytic approaches. Result We found maternal sleep disorder increased odds of PPD (point estimate, 3.300; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.136–5.098; p < .001; n = 13). However, there was significant heterogeneity (Q, 131.250; df, 12; p < .001; I2, 90.857%). The estimated effect size was significant for all categorical studies. According to meta‐regression, no moderating factor (age and publication year) significantly mediated the estimated effect size. Conclusion We found a significant relationship between sleep disturbances during pregnancy and PPD. Women with sleep disorders are at an increased risk of developing PPD, which warrants screening pregnant mothers for sleep disturbances. Also, we found that the increasing age in pregnancy was associated with increased risk of PPD.

Background: Because COVID-19 has become a pandemic, public health measures to cut off human-to-human transmission may include quarantine and social isolation. This study aims to demonstrate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on demographic variables and their relationship to the level of social participation during the pandemic. Materials and Methods: In June 2020, the community integration questionnaire (CIQ) was transcribed along with the required demographic information on a web-based platform. A total of 461 people (Mean±SD age: 36.86±5.8 years) completed the questionnaire in a cross-sectional study. The effects of COVID-19 on social interaction were then calculated by analyzing the community integration questionnaire scores before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 26. Results: Quarantine measures had the most damage in the reference group (participants under 24 years old) (P<0.001) compared to before the COVID-19 outbreak. Except for participation in productive activities (compared to the elderly) (P<0.001), in all cases and among all age groups, integration and the total score of the questionnaire decreased. Conclusion: Psychosocial stress and reduced participation in social and life spheres are the results of quarantine measures and social distancing. Meanwhile, the participation rate of the under 24 years old age group significantly decreased in all areas. Following that, the older age group had a significant decrease in social participation. The results of this study can be used to prioritize the vaccination of different people in the community according to the amount of damage caused by COVID-19.

Background Previous studies have demonstrated the association between dietary patterns and semen quality indicators, but research on the possible association between animal flesh foods consumption and semen quality is limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the association between animal flesh foods consumption with semen quality. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 400 newly-identified (< 6 months) infertile men, as diagnosed by an andrologist, were recruited into the study. Dietary intake was assessed by using a semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. The total meat consumption was defined as the sum of red meat, poultry, fresh fish, canned fish, processed meats, and organ meats in the diet. A linear mixed model was used to assess the relationship between meat consumption and semen quality indicators of participants. Results Consumption of canned fish was inversely related to sperm immotility. Compared with the men in the lowest quartile of canned fish intake, those in the highest quartile had a lower sperm immotility [lowest quartile: 52.5%; (95% CI: 47–57) vs 47.4%; (95% CI: 43–51) P-trend = 0.026]. Similarly, a trend toward an inverse significant association between fresh fish intake and sperm immotility was observed (P-trend = 0.074). In contrast, fresh and canned fish intake was unrelated to other outcomes of sperm quality (P-trend > 0.05). No association was found between consumption of processed red meat, red meat, poultry, and organ meat, and semen quality indicators (P-trend > 0.05). Conclusions We found that consumption of canned fish is associated with a lower percentage of immotile sperm, whilst a high consumption of fresh fish increased the percentage of immotile sperm in Iranian infertile men. Further studies are recommended in this regard.

Introduction: A randomized clinical trial is known as the best and most effective way to assess the effects of interventions if it is properly planned and implemented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of clinical trials published in Persian internal journals by Iranian researchers. Method: In this cross-sectional study, all the clinical trials published by Iranian researchers in the Iranian Journals in 2014, were evaluated according to entry criteria and finally 587 included articles were reviewed and their quality was evaluated by using Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist. Results: The results revealed that the mean±SD adherence to the CONSORT checklist’s item in our included articles was 59.61±24.99. The lowest adherence to the items was seen for random allocation (76.1%), description of the sampling method (70.1%) and presenting RCT code registration (60.4%), respectively. The highest adherence was observed for title suitability (96%), appropriate presentation time and place of study (84.2%), a suitable expression of study participants (82.8%) and time duration of the study (82.3%). Conclusion: The adherence to the various items of CONSORT checklist in Iranian Persian language journals was not in satisfactory status. In this regard, the CONSORT checklist needs to be carefully followed for conducting and reporting RCTs by Iranian researchers.