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A robust embedded ladder-oxide (k ¼ 2:9)/copper (Cu) multilevel interconnect is demonstrated for 0.13 mm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) generation. A stable ladder-oxide intermetal dielectric (IMD) is integrated by the Cu metallization with a minimum wiring pitch of 0.34 mm, and a single damascene (S/D) Cu-plug structure is applied. An 18% reduction in wiring capacitance is obtained compared with that in SiO 2 IMDs. The superior controllability of metal thickness by the S/D process enables us to enhance the MPU maximum frequency easily. The stress-migration lifetime of vias on wide metals for the S/D Cu-plug structure is longer than that for a dual damascene (D/D) structure. Reliability test results such as electromigration (EM), the temperature dependant dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of Cu interconnects, and pressure cooker test (PCT) results are acceptable. Moreover, a high flexibility in a thermal design is obtained.

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The paper provides an overview of modern investigations devoted to the study of wood - based material (LVL). The degree of including new data concerning the material in time is highlighted, modern designs using LVL and prospects for its application are considered.