Background and Aims: Cholelithiasis is known to produce diverse histopathological changes in the gallbladder mucosa. In the present study, we aimed to find the correlation between various gallstone characteristics (i.e., number, size, and morphological type) with the type of mucosal response in gallbladder mucosa (i.e., inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and carcinoma). Methods: The present study was conducted prospectively on 250 patients undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholecystitis. Gallstones were assessed for various parameters, i.e., number, size, and morphological type. Gallbladder mucosa was subjected to histopathological examination. Sections were taken from body, fundus, and neck of gallbladder. Results: Of 250 cases, maximum type was of mixed stones (54%) and was multiple in number (46%). However, gallstone type and number are non-significant variables to produce precancerous lesions (i.e., hyperplasia and metaplasia). Statistically significant results were obtained while comparing the mucosal response with gallstone size (P = 0.012). Conclusion: As the gallstone size increases, the response in gallbladder mucosa changes from cholecystitis, hyperplasia, and metaplasia to carcinoma. Gallstone type and number are nonsignificant variables to produce precancerous lesions.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are a group of plasmid-mediated, diverse, complex and rapidly evolving enzymes that are posing a major therapeutic challenge today in the treatment of hospitalized and community-based patients. Enterobacteriaceae group is the main cause of bacterial infection and in this family Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species are the most common causes of nosocomial infections. ESBLs represents a major threat among multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolates. These ESBL producing pathogens are now recognized globally as major causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. ESBL detection is important from a therapeutic point of view and for infection control purposes. Carbapenems are often used to treat infections caused by ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella. This study was conducted in indoor patient department of Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, Moradabad, U.P., which is a tertiary care hospital. This study was conducted during the period from April 2015 to December 2017.A total no. of 350 gram negative Enterobacteriaceae were isolated in 800 no. of samples. They were screened for the beta-lactamase production. Among the 350 isolates 210 strains were ESBL producers. The major ESBL producers were E.coli (32%) followed by Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus. Multidrug resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides were observed in the ESBL producing organism. The most common ESBL producing organism were from ICU.