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Detection of bla NDM-4 in Escherichia coli from hospital sewage New Delhi metallo-b-lactamase (NDM-1) has been identified as a novel class of carbapenemase found in Enterobacteriaceae, first isolated from a Swedish patient of Indian origin (Kumarasamy et al., 2010; Yong et al., 2009). Later, many reports on the emerging trends of NDM-1 from different part of the world have been published (Khan & Nordmann, 2012a, b). Moreover, new variants of NDM-1 have also been identified from different countries (Cuzon et al., 2013; Göttig et al., 2013). Here we report the finding of an NDM-4producing Escherichia coli in the sewage of an Indian hospital. NDM-4 differs by a single amino acid substitution (Met154Leu) from NDM-1. Kinetic data showed that NDM-4 hydrolysed imipenem more than did NDM-1 [k cat /K M (mM 21 s 21) ratio for NDM-4/NDM-1 for imipenem was 2.20]. Further, the MICs of imipenem and ertapenem were also found to be higher for Escherichia coli expressing NDM-4 than that expressing NDM-1, suggesting that the Leu154 residue is involved in the higher carbapenemase activity (Nordmann et al., 2012).

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The present study deals with the evaluation of the efficacy of amoxicillin bearing poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) microsphere formulation in treatment of experimental listeriosis in Swiss albino mice. Amoxicillin bearing PLGA microspheres were prepared by water-in-oil-in-water emulsion technique. PLGA microwspheres significantly regulated sustained release of encapsulated drug over extended time period. The rate of release increased in temperature dependent manner. Amoxicillin bearing PLGA microsphere successfully cleared bacterial burdens in vital organs (kidney, spleen, and brain) and also increased survival rate of treated animals in comparison to free form of the drug. The higher efficacy of microsphere based novel formulation of amoxicillin could be attributed to its targeted delivery to infected macrophages as well as sustained release over extended period of time.

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