Exercise could also result to reductions in obesity and oxidative stress and a modulation of immune responses in prostate cancer patients. 15 Exercise causes reductions in circulating levels of testosterone and insulin-like growth factors 16,17 therefore reducing the development and spread of neoplastic cells. Apart from exercise, testosterone levels are controlled by diet, 18 and this may contribute to variances in exercise response among various populations. 19 The aim of this review was to evaluate the association between physical activity and prostate cancer. In this review, we outlined relevant studies concerned about exercise-mediated changes in prostatic growth and progression from 1980 to 2018. These mediated changes are linked to the role of consistent physical activity in improving the quality of life, physical fitness and averting the progression of prostate cancer among individuals diagnosed of prostate cancer. Methods Search strategy We searched for studies that reported on exercise-mediated changes in the prostatic tumour risk and progression from 1980 to 2018. The following electronic databases was used: PubMed, Science

Background: Occupational exposure plays a huge role in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevalence of kidney cancer (KCa) and bladder cancer (BCa) worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the association between occupational exposure and risk of KCa and BCa. Method: We identified peer-reviewed articles published in English by searching PubMed, Embase, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and Cochrane databases. We selected articles published between January 2018 to May 2019. We summed up all relative risk estimates to ensure accuracy, comprehensiveness and maximize statistical power given the low absolute occupational risk of KCa, occupational risk of BCa and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). We reported this systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and metaanalyses (PRISMA) checklist. Quantitative analyzes was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3 (Biostat, Inc, Englewood, New Jersey, USA). Results:We found no significant association between occupational exposure and KCa (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.94-1.34), but there was a significant association between occupational exposure and BCa (OR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.44-1.75). Conclusion:From the result of our qualitative and quantitative analysis there was no significant association between occupational exposure and KCa whereas there was a significant association between occupational exposure and BCa.

We identified studies that reported on Bosniak IIF renal cyst monitoring, Bosniak IIF lesions, kidney cyst, malignant cystic lesions and renal cell carcinomas obtainable up to April 2019. We preferred articles published in English. We looked for reports that included Bosniak IIF Renal Cyst Surveillance, Bosniak IIF Lesions, renal cysts, malignant cystic lesions and renal cell Carcinoma. Types of studies Original articles, meta-analyses and systematic review. Inclusion and exclusion criteria We reviewed specific articles based on recognition of Bosniak IIF renal cyst, Bosniak IIF lesions, renal cyst, malignant cystic lesions, and renal cell carcinoma. Unrelated papers were excluded. Data extraction and management We selected research from the databases. We checked significance based on one or more of the following MeSH keywords; Kidney Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Bosniak grouping. We gathered copies of all the papers listed as potentially relevant and made exclusions dependent on historical debate and repeated publications. A Recommended Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram (Figure 1) clarified the selection process.

There is evidence that delayed graft function and acute rejection, can adversely influence not only the short-term but also long-term graft survival. Obviously, the risk of delayed graft function is considerably lower in living-donor transplants than in cadaver transplants. Also, the incidence of acute rejection is lower, not only in living-related transplants with a good human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match but even in living-unrelated transplants. The aim of this review was to evaluate the surgical procedures applied in live kidney donor transplantation and their outcomes with regards to global best practices. We searched for studies that reported on living kidney transplantation and kidney donor, surgical aspect and Outcome, from inception till 2018, and we preferred articles that were published in English. The following electronic databases were used: PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Embase, Google Scholar and Cochrane database. Living kidney donor transplantation is better than kidney transplantation from a deceased donor because the transplanted kidney becomes active and functional immediately after transplantation, whereas in transplants derived from deceased donors, the reverse is usually the case due to shorter ischemic time by minimal ischemic damage of the allograft. The surgical procedures applied in live kidney donor transplantation, are constantly undergoing modification inorder to minimize postoperative complications, improve treatment outcomes and enhance patient's quality of life.