Solitary nodules are a typical thyroid disease appearance. Solitary thyroid nodules are little swellings that are ordinarily impalpable glands. Solitary thyroid nodules are typically benign. With a mean age of 35 years, ladies are more likely than males to develop cancer (10–20%). An endocrine gland called the thyroid is located in the lower front and sides of the neck. Its primary purpose is to regulate basal metabolic rate. It also promotes somatic and psychic growth and is crucial for calcium metabolism. The identification, examination, and treatment of thyroid nodules can be difficult. These lumps frequently develop near the thyroid gland's border and are enormous in size, causing them to feel or seem like a lump in front of the neck. A multitude of variables, including age, sex, food, iodine deficiency, and even therapeutic and ambient radiation exposure, affect the occurrence of these nodules in a given population. This study was conducted in hospital of Dera Ismail Khan, KPK,Pakistan to determine the prevalence of solitary thyroid nodules in patinets admitted in the hospital. The results indicates that females between the ages of 26 and 30 are more likely to have thyroid nodules. Swelling at the front of the lower neck is the most frequent presenting ailment. The majority of patients presented between 6 months and 3 years after the edoema first appeared. The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC in the current investigation were 92% and 98%, respectively, while sensitivity and specificity of USG were 70 and 90%, respectively. Histopathology verified all malignant tumours on FNAC, demonstrating its superiority. USG and FNAC aids in proper management planning as a result, preventing the need for additional surgery. Keywords: Solitary thyroid nodule; Thyroid neoplasm; Neck swelling; Body mass index; Pakistan

Obesity, a clinical condition that is on the rise internationally and is highly associated to lower testosterone levels in males, is the most strongly linked clinical condition. In addition to this, it is one of the most reliable signs that a guy may require testosterone replacement medication. When it comes to obesity, the severity of the condition can determine whether the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPT) is suppressed. Moderate obesity, on the other hand, is typically characterized by lower levels of sex hormone binding globulin. Even though there is a connection in both directions between hypogonadism and obesity, the effect of adiposity on testosterone levels is much more significant than the impact that testosterone has on adiposity. The relationship between hypogonadism and obesity is complex and multifaceted. There are various components, both causal and correlative, on both sides of the contact, which can be thought of as a connection that goes in both directions. The number of people who are overweight or obese is increasing at an epidemic rate. In a manner quite like this, we have begun to observe a significant increase in the frequency of male hypogonadism. We are just now starting to get a better understanding of how these two ailments might interact with one another and make each other worse, as well as how treating one of these conditions can help in the treatment of the other.

Numerous physiological and pathological processes must be controlled for the thyroid gland to function properly. Research utilising both animal models and human subjects has demonstrated that thyroid hormones regulate cellular processes that are crucial for most age-related diseases. Furthermore, both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism have been associated to the onset of several kinds of diabetes, proving the intricacy of the molecular processes regulated by thyroid hormones. In this article, we provide a summary of the most recent thyroid hormone-related findings in the field of diabetes research. We contend that despite the difficulty in developing thyromimetics due to their inefficiency and potential toxicity, therapies based on the use of modulators of thyroid hormone activity may be therapeutically beneficial in some kinds of diabetes.

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is recognized as a global pandemic due to its substantially increasing prevalence. This metabolic disorder bears a significant potential incidence of microvascular complications (MVC) in chronic patients including neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy which may prove fatal. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the incidence of microvascular complications, its associated risk factors and comorbidities in the chronic diabetic population. Methods: This cohort was executed to assess the clinical records of visiting diabetic patients presented at PIMS hospital, Islamabad from July 2020 to June 2022. A total of 630 patients with T2DM of different age and sex groups, were included in the study and their clinical outcomes of MVCs were analyzed. Results: The overall incidence of MVCs was found 43.49% significantly (p<0.05) affecting the aged population with prolonged ailment, raised HbA1C of more than 8.5, raised BMI, hypertensive and genetically predisposed patients. The incidence was found high in females, aged population (more than 60 years), married, unemployed, urban population and the prolonged illness, overweight, hypertensive and genetically predisposed people with a family history had the highest incidence of MVC (p<0.05). Among the MVCs, the patients highly suffered (p<0.05) from neuropathy, followed by retinopathy and nephropathy due to persistent ailment of T2DM, hauled glycated hemoglobin, overweight and hypertensive population. Practical implication: This study paved the way for clinicians to instigate diabetic patients MVCs of neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy for the sake of health of patients and avoid such complications by screening out the associated risk factors and comorbidities Conclusion: Hence, it was concluded that microvascular complications were the major clinical outcome in T2DM patients. Therefore, managemental and preventive therapies at the earliest stage may delay the progression of MVCs in them and will revive their quality of life. Keywords: Glycated hemoglobin; Hypertension; Nephropathy; Neuropathy; Obesity; Retinopathy.