Fluorides have been a cause of concern for scientists and environmentalists for the long because of their harmful effects on the human and animal life but the problem was highlighted during the twentieth century because of great increase in the human population and industrialization. Since fluorides accumulate in calcified and hard tissues of the body such as bone and teeth and can be detected easily in these tissues, so most of the previous studies focused on the effects of fluorides on these tissues. However, during the past decade researchers all over the world have felt that there is a need to study the effects of fluorides on various other tissues of the body including CNS as fluoride intake for prolonged period is known to cause abnormal behavioural pattern, grave implications for Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia, Attention deficit disorder and reduced I.Q in children as the fluorides are known to cross blood brain barrier. Hence the present study has thrown light on the involvement of brain in chronic fluoride toxicity. The target organ of studied was cerebrum. In the Study, albino rats were exposed to 30 or 100 ppm fluoride (asNaF) in drinking water for 3 months. Rats exposed to 30 ppm fluoride did not show any notable alterations in brain histology, whereas rats exposed to 100 ppm fluoride showed significant neurodegenerative changes in lhe motor cortex.Changes included decrease in size and number of neurons in all the regions, signs of chromatolysis and gliosis in the motor cortex. These histological changes suggest a toxic effect of high-fluoride intake & on chronic use. [J Interdiscipl Histopathol 2012; 1(1.000): 30-34

The Present Study was conducted in department of Medicine, Govt. Medical College, jammu, Where a total of 41 patients-29 males and 12 females-fulfilled the inclusion criteria of ADPKD, were gathered during the period of 1 year starting from Nov. 2011 to Oct. 2012. All the patients were subjected to a detailed history, clinical examination and laboratory investigations. X-ray chest (PA view), ECG and ultrasound of abdomen for kidneys, liver and spleen were done. Intravenous pyelogram and CT scan of abdomen was done when a definitive diagnosis of (ADPKD) could not be made on abdominal ultrasound. Echocardiography was done to evaluate cardiac murmurs and associated mitral valve prolapse, based on standard criteria. Male to female patients with ADPKD was 2.42:1. Maximum 17 (41.5%) patients of both gender were seen in 30 -40 years age group, Family history of ADPKD was present in 18 (43.9%) patients; Hypertension, alone or in combination with renal failure, was present in 65.8% patients; Hypertension alone was present in 19 (46.3%) patients; 8 (19.5%) patients with hypertension had renal failure; Low back pain was present in 24 (58.5%) and abdominal pain in 22 (53.7%) patients; 15 (36.6%) patients presented with at least one episode of gross haematuria; Headache was experienced by 18 (43.9%) patients. On clinical examination, 24 (58.5%) were found to have palpable kidney and 10 (24.4%) had palpable liver. Spleen was palpable in 1 (2.4%) patient, Murmur of mitral valve prolapse was found in 2 (4.9%) Patients; 3 (7.3%) patients having left ventricular hypertrophy; mean Hb was 11.2 g/dL. The liver cysts were found in 24.4% of the patients; Out of 10 (24.4%) patients with hepatic cyst involvement, 1 patient each was found to have evidence of portal hypertension and evidence of hepatic cyst infection. In the present study, hypertension was most common presentation of this disease. So, control of hypertension is very important to prevent progression of this disease. Patients who are detected to have ADPKD should be regularly followed-up to prevent further progression by timely intervention. Also, family members of patients should be screened for disease and initiate treatment as early as possible.

Scrub typhus is a zoonotic disease which is a widespread disease in Asia and Pacific Islands.Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness which generally causes non-specific symptoms and signs. The clinical manifestations of this disease range from subclinical disease to organ failure to fatal disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical profile of the Scrub Typhus disease in Jammu region. A total of 78 cases who aged 18 years and above attending outdoor/indoor clinic of the Department of Medicine, Government Medical College , Jammu were recruited as described by their clinical features , epidemiological profile and treatment outcome and tested for antibodies (IgM)to Orientia .tsutsugamushi. After complete physical examination, complete blood count, liver function tests, renal function tests, urine analysis, blood and urine cultures were done in all cases. In all the cases , scrub typhus was diagnosed to those who fulfilled the Clinical Inclusion Criteria and were either positive for IgM ELISA for Scrub Typhus or Weil Felix Test or both. Out of the 78 cases, male to female patients proportion was 1.29:1. Most of the patients (65.38%) were between