Objectives:The objective of this research was to elucidate some of the major relation of thyroid dysfunctions, keeping in view the various selected demographic details of included patients.Methods:This study was approved by the ethical committee of Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, and was conducted in the Institute of Radioactive Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM) Peshawar. The blood samples were collected, followed by their analysis for triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).Results:The results obtained regarding the demographical aspects of the patients revealed that female gender has categorically significantly high percentage of occurrence of thyroid abnormality as compared to male gender (75.8% vs. 24.2%). Results regarding locality distribution of the patients depicted that majority of those belonged to the local population of Peshawar and Charsadda region.Conclusion:In Pakistan especially Khyber Pakhtunkwa (KPK), thyroid diseases are more common in females as compared to males. The most probable causes could be lactation and pregnancy.

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) has been employed to generate deep structures using the biocompatible and optically transparent monomer ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EO=6) (EBPADMA) and 4, 4'-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenon as the photoinitiator. The two-photon absorption cross section of the initiator was measured to be 1 GM (1  GM=1×10(-50)  cm(4) s photon(-1)) in EBPADMA. Here we have explored a weak absorption regime whereby deep structures (∼300 μm) can be generated in a single pass. This allows rapid fabrication of structures suitable for cell scaffolds where the length scales are small, ∼10  μm, but are required over long ranges, ∼cm. The dependence of the TPP properties on the writing power, speed, exposure time and NA, of the focusing lens were studied in detail. Diffraction calculations for the focusing optics employed show that spherical aberration plays a significant role in determining the feature sizes achieved.

Background: Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). This infection can be acute or chronic. HBV infection can be prevented through immunization included in EPI in 2004 in Pakistan. Females are more unsafe and risky group for HBV infection having lots of chances for exposure to blood contact and female can transmit infection vertically to their children. Therefore immunization of females is very important. Methods: The study was carried out among female university students of district Peshawar of age range 20 to 30.A written informed consent was taken from the head of departments of different universities of district Peshawar and from individual responder. Similarly about 200 questionnaires were filled from female University students of the defined age range. The information regarding the demography, HBV vaccination history and family history of HBV infection was gathered. About 3 to 5ml blood samples were collected from all HBV vaccinated and non vaccinated female students for determination of natural or vaccine induced immunity against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag). The collected blood samples were transferred to PHRC centre Khyber medical college for anti HBs Ag test. Data was gathered and analysed by SPSS version 22. Results: This study consists of 200 female university students, among them 163(81.5%) were from urban and 37(18.5%) were from rural area. Out of 200 female students 45(22.5%) were none vaccinated and 131(65.5%) were vaccinated. Only 64(32%) have completed their vaccination course and only 79(60.3%) university students were having positive immunity against HBV (positive HBsAb). Results shows that 5(2.5%) university students have infected persons in their families, and only 2(40%) infected families were HBV vaccinated. Conclusion: This study provided low HBV vaccination status and antibody sero-prevalence in spite of HBV vaccination. Schedule vaccination need full attention. HBsAb test should be done after every 5-10 years of HBV vaccination to ensure a booster dose vaccine.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the relation of Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) with Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio among adult girls. METHODOLOGY A descriptive or cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls 18 plus by BS students at Jinnah college for the women’s University of Peshawar, in collaboration with Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC) Khyber Medical College Peshawar. MUAC is a useful cheap, and non-invasive technique used for the assessment of nutritional status that has important effects on health in recovery from illness. The analysis of data was conducted as a review of the filled questionnaire. The statistical relationship between variables and their prevalence was assessed using the Chi-Square test. RESULTS Results showed that according to MUAC 20.8% and BMI of 22.55% adult girls were underweight. Our study also revealed that 7(5.83%) adult females were underweight according to MUAC measurements but had normal BMI with a statically significant value of p 0.000. In correlation with waist-hip ratio and MUAC, 24.2% of adult females were having an unacceptable hip ratio (which means that their waist-to-hip ratio is either average, high, or extreme) but had normal MUAC. This correlation between MUAC and waist-to-hip ratio was also highly significant (p 0.046). Besides, we also got the measurements of obese and overweight girls. CONCLUSION In this study, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was statistically and significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p=0.000). As MUAC is a very simple and inexpensive method to assess nutrition, so this is a very good tool to be used in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan.