Background Diabetes mellitus type II (DMT-2) is a widely spread metabolic disorder both in developed and developing countries. The role of oxidative stress is well established in DMT-2 pathogenesis. The synthetic drugs for DMT-2 are associated with serious side complications. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory actions of phytochemicals from various plant species are considered as an alternative to synthetic drugs for DMT-2 management. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory potential and phytochemical profiling of Hyophorbe lagenicaulis. Methods The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant activity (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and phosphomolybdenum method) and α-glucosidase inhibition of ultrasonicated hydroethanolic H. lagenicaulis leaf extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. The results of DPPH assay and α-glucosidase inhibition were reported in terms of IC50 value. The phytochemical profiling was accomplished by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS/MS technique. Results and Discussion Findings leaped 60% ethanolic extract as rich fraction regarding total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The 60% ethanolic fraction was a promising source of natural antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitory agents as indicated by anti-radical and enzyme inibitory activities. Kaempferol, rutin, hesperetin 5-O-glucoside, kaempferol-coumaroyl-glucoside, luteolin 3-glucoside, Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, trimethoxyflavone derivatives and citric acid were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. These compounds were believed to be responsible for the strong antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of plant extracts. The extensive metabolite profiling of H. lagenicaulis was carried out the first time as never reported previously. The H. lagenicaulis might be an appropriate choice to manage diabetes mellitus in an alternate way. The findings may be further exploited extensively for toxicity evaluation to proceed with functional food development having antidiabetic attributes.

In the title compound, C13H18N2O5S, the benzene ring and the acetamide group are almost coplanar [dihedral angle = 5.6 (3)°], and the amine group projects almost vertically from this plane [C—C—S—N = −84.5 (7)°]. A short intra­molecular C—H⋯O contact occurs. In the crystal, O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bonds lead to a three-dimensional network. One of the methyl groups of the isopropyl residue is disordered over two orientations in a 0.747 (16):0.253 (16) ratio.

Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 296 K; mean (C-C) = 0.005 Å; R factor = 0.022; wR factor = 0.044; data-to-parameter ratio = 25.2.In the title compound, [Hg(CN) 2 (C 9 H 20 N 2 S) 2 ], the Hg atom lies on a twofold rotation axis. There is only half a molecule in the asymmetric unit. The Hg atom has a distorted tetrahedral coordination involving the S atoms of two 1-butyl-3-propylthiourea groups and the C atoms of the two CN À anions. In the crystal packing, adjacent molecules are connected by intermolecular N-HÁ Á ÁN and N-HÁ Á ÁS hydrogen bonds, forming infinite chains in three dimensions. Related literature Data collectionBruker Kappa APEXII CCD areadetector diffractometer Absorption correction: none 15120 measured reflections 3372 independent reflections 2918 reflections with I > 2(I) R int = 0.032

Torrefaction, is a pretreatment process in the conversion of various biomass feedstocks into an efficient solid fuel. In the present research, rice husk was torrefied at 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C for 10, 30, 90, and 150 minutes under a non-oxidative environment. The energy yield and mass yield of torrefied solid residues ranged from 51.3% to 96.8%, and 49.1% to 95.1%, respectively, under torrefaction conditions. Increasing the residence time and temperature of thermal treatment causes a rise in carbon content from 32.45% to 48.5%, and raises the calorific value from 16.48 MJ/kg to 19.82 MJ/kg. The torrefaction process also reduced the swelling tendency of the biomass in water from its initial value of 308% to 92% only. Various other characterizations including Fourier transform infrared radiation, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to analyze the structural and textural aspects of torrefied biomass. The TGA and derivative thermogravimetric analysis curves indicated that torrefaction affected the hemicellulose fraction of biomass significantly. The surface morphology of thermolyzed samples revealed the rupture of the surface induced by the torrefaction process. Overall, the torrefaction process has not only improved the fuel characteristics of the rice husk but also enhanced its hydrophobicity.

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