Objective: To assess age, gender distribution and relative frequency of congenital heart disease (CHD) in children who underwent palliative or corrective cardiac surgery at Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted in Department of Cardiac Surgery at Rehman Medical Institute (RMI), Peshawar from May 2008 till May 2010. One hundred and twenty three patients up to age group of 16 years with confirmed diagnosis of congenital heart disease admitted for Cardiac Surgery at Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar were included. Results: Out of 123 patients, there were 71 males (57.7%) and 52 females (42.2%), with male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Sixty five (52.8%) of the total cases had acyanotic heart defects. Cyanotic heart defects were seen in 58 patients (47.1%). Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) followed by Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), were the commonest acyanotic heart lesions, 33.8%, 23.0% and 16.9% respectively. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was the commonest cyanotic lesion. Conclusion : Majority of patients with congenital heart disease had acyanotic CHD with the commonest lesion being VSD. Tetralogy Of Fallot (TOF) was the commonest cyanotic lesion. Most of the patients were less than five years with no significant difference in sex distribution. Availability of expertise locally will lead to more patients getting surgical treatment at an earlier age thereby reducing morbidity and mortality and improving quality of life for these children.

Introduction: The rising trend of multi-drug resistance in bacteria has also been documented in the organism Salmonella enterica causing Typhoid or Enteric Fevers, and cases of multidrug and extended drug resistance are on the rise. Determining the trends of antibiotic susceptibility provides an important therapeutic aid to the practicing clinician.Objective: To evaluate the ten-year trends in antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi isolated from blood cultures in the paediatric patients of a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Materials & Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in the department of Paediatrics, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar from June 2019 to May 2020 based on ten years retrospective data of children with positive blood culture for Salmonella spp. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The level of significance was set at p ≤0.05. Results: A total of 168 cases Salmonella enterica spp. were isolated over the 10-year study period, of which 97(64.88%) isolates were identified as Salmonella typhi and 71(42.26%) as Salmonella paratyphi A; 94(55.95%) patients were male and 74(44.04%) were female, with mean age of 4.76 ± 2.65 years (range 2 to 12 years); majority, 69(41.07%) of patients were of ages 5-8 years. S. typhi strains showed the highest sensitivity to Imipenem and Meropenem; the lowest sensitivity seen was to Ampicillin. Bacterial sensitivity to Ceftriaxone was 79.76% and to Ciprofloxacin 58.97%. In the S. typhi group, there were six (2.6%) cases of MDR typhoid and four (2.38%) cases of XDR typhoid which was only sensitive to Imipenem. Conclusion: Increased resistance to Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone was found, however complete sensitivity was found to Imipenem along with Meropenem.