Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the ICU stay and mortality in vaccinated and non-vaccinated covid-19 patients. Study Design: A Retrospective/ Comparative study Place and Duration: The study was conducted in Medicine department of Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi, duration of six months from October 2020 to March 2021. Methods: Total 120 patients of both genders had coronavirus disease were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 22-80 years. Demographical details of patients including age, sex, body mass index, residency and socio-economic status were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients were admitted in COVID 19 ward. Chest X-rays of both groups were taken. There were 50 vaccinated patients in group I and 70 non-vaccinated patients in group II. Co-morbidities among both groups were assessed. Recovery and outcomes among both groups were calculated in terms of mortality and reduction in severity of disease. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0 version. Results: There were 80 (66.7%) patients were males (35 in group I and 45 in group II) and 40 (33.3%) were females (15 in group I and 25 in group II). Mean age of the vaccinated patients was 46.21 ±9.67 years with mean BMI 32.12 ±6.33 kg/m2 and in group II mean age was 45.13 ±21.54 years with mean BMI 33.11±11.37 kg/m2. 34 (68%) were educated in group I and in group II 35 (50%) patients were literate. Severity of disease among non-vaccinated patients was high found in 55 (78.6%) cases as compared to vaccinated cases 17 (34%). Co-morbidities were diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischaemic heart and chronic lung disease. Most of the patients 90 (75%) had bilateral lung involvement and interstitial infiltrates 105 (87.5%). Fever, cough and dyspnea were the most common symptom found in both groups. Recovery among patients of group I was greater 40 (80%) as compared to non-vaccinated 27 (38.6%). Frequency of poor outcomes hospitalization 9 (12.9%), ICU admission 11 (15.8%) and mortality 23 (32.9%) among non-vaccinated patients were significantly higher as compared to vaccinated patients in which hospitalization 2 (4%), ICU admission 3 (6%) and mortality was found in 5 (10%) cases. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, vaccination against coronavirus disease is both efficacious and beneficial in reducing disease severity. Except for this, immunization can reduce the frequency of poor outcomes (hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality), and individuals should be made aware of the importance of becoming vaccinated as soon as possible. Keywords: COVID 19, Vaccination, Pandemic, Mortality

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of subcutaneous drains versus no drains in patients with repeated cesarean section. Study Design: Randomized control trial Place and Duration: Conducted at Gyne & Obs Department, Shahida Islam Teaching Hospital Lodhran, during from 8-01-2020 to 8-08-2020. Methods: Total 90 pregnant women with repeated cesarean section were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 22-50 years. Detailed demographics of enrolled cases including age, body mass index, gestational age and parity were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients were categorized into two groups, group I had 45 patients with subcutaneous drain and 45 patients of group II were without drain. Post-operative outcomes were assessed and compared among both groups. VAS was used to compare pain among both groups. SPSS 22.0 version was used to analyze the data. Results: Mean age of the patient in group I was 30.6±8.44 years with mean BMI 33.08±5.26 kg/m2 but in group II mean age was 29.03±7.37 years with mean BMI 31.12±11.58 kg/m2. Mean gestational age in group I was 37.9±3.9 weeks and in group II mean gestational age was 37.3±2.7 weeks. There was no any significantly difference in parity among both groups. Post-operative mean haemoglobin in group I was lower 7.9±1.6 gm% as compared to group II 8.11±0.4 gm%. Mean pain score in group I was 6.8±4.7 and in group II was 8.2±4.11. Prevalence of wound infection was greater in group II 5 (11.1%) as compared to group I 3 (6.7%). Hospital stay was shorter in group I 9.7±2.11 days as compared to group II 10.8±1.14 days. Frequency of superficial SSI and wound seroma were significantly higher among patients of group II. Conclusion: In this study we concluded that those patients who received subcutaneous drain undergoing cesarean section resulted low post-operative pain with fewer chances of wound infection as compared to the patients undergoing C-section without drain. Except this frequency of SSI and hospital stay was shorter among patients of drain group. Keywords: Cesarean, Drain, Wound Infection, Superficial Surgical Site Infection, Pregnant Women