The aim of the study is to levels of nicotine and cotinine were elevated the oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) and inflammation as nitric oxide (NO2 and NO3) may possibly be associated with decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and can sensitively indicate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To evaluate the quantitative analysis of nicotine and cotinine levels and the alterations in the selected parameters of antioxidant metabolisms during nitroxidative stress in the saliva of smokeless tobacco consumers. Saliva nicotine and cotinine was measured by HPLC method and nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes were estimated by spectrophotometric methods. Significant increase in concentrations of nicotine and cotinine levels of saliva in smokeless tobacco users in comparison to controls. Saliva lipid peroxidation was increased in experimental subjects (gutkha group 39.28% and khaini group 25.00%) as compared to controls and nitric oxide in the form of nitrites and nitrates was significantly increased in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users compared to controls. The activity levels of antioxidant enzymes were decreased in the saliva of the smokeless tobacco users in comparison with normal controls. A strong positive correlation of nicotine and cotinine with nitroxidative stress markers in gutkha and khaini users. Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme leads to intoxication in saliva and indirectly induces inflammation process. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease in the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users indicate conspicuous cell and tissue damage.

Graphical abstract

Alcohol abuse and diabetes exist in many populations as comorbities. Alcoholism and diabetes can induce wide spectrum of effects on central nervous system. This study focussed on, the impact of nitroxidative stress in alcohol treated diabetic rats and to evaluate the possible protective effect of aqueous extract of green tea (GTE). Male albino Wistar rats aged of 8 weeks were made diabetic with steptozotocin (STZ) and treated with at 5 g/kg b.w/day (20% v/v) alcohol for sixty days. Alongside enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) levels and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression were found to be increased and activities of antioxidant enzymes were decreased in the brain of alcohol treated diabetic rats. When the alcohol was administered to the diabetic rats, it is difficult to know whether the observed changes are independent or overlapping effects. Increased expression of mRNAs of Bcl, Bax, and TNF-α, IL-6, Caspase-3, and COX2 genes suggest that they may have functional significance about alcohol intoxication. This study provided information that, green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) has a therapeutic effect and thus ameliorate the effect of alcohol in diabetic condition.

Smokeless tobacco may able to induce microalbuminuria. The present study investigates the relation between nicotine and cotinine with renal function in gutkha and khaini users. Methods: The levels of nicotine and cotinine were estimated by HPLC methods and other urine variables were detected by spectrophotometric methods. Current smokeless tobacco users have shown that significantly elevated levels of nicotine, cotinine, and epinephrine excretion in the urine than non-tobacco users. Renal function was assessed by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), levels of urea, and creatinine. Among the kidney function measures that we examined, microalbuminuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and creatinine clearance were found associated with gutkha and khaini users. Significantly decreased proteinuria, urea and increased levels of uric acid and creatinine excretion with the concomitant increase in plasma total proteins, urea, and decreased uric acid levels were observed in the group I and group II users compared to group III users. The products of smokeless tobacco are regarded as good predictors of assessing the free radical levels in the cells. The active markers of nitroxidative stress have been elevated progressively with the uptake of nicotine and exposure. The nicotine and cotinine were significantly positive correlated with renal markers (creatinine, urea, and GFR), nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and epinephrine. Increased excretion of nicotine and epinephrine indicated that the renal related complications may occur. The smokeless tobacco products were significantly and directly proportional to the levels of kidney dysfunction.