The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different lubricants on pharmaceutical effectiveness of metronidazole tablets determined by the rate of release of drug from the dosage form. Different lubricants, like magnesium stearate, talc and the combination of both were used to prepare metronidazole tablets by direct compression method. The tablets were tested for quality control parameters such as uniformity of weight, thickness, diameter, contents assay, hardness, friability and disintegration time. Formulations were tested for the releasing pattern of drug from tablets by in-vitro dissolution test. Better results were achieved from formulation having magnesium stearate as lubricant based on compression force value. The content uniformity for all the three formulations was found in the range of 96.71 to 99.61%, while hardness was in the range of 7.39±0.341 to 10.375±0.95 Kg. The formulated tablets were also analyzed for dissolution profile which was more than 85% within 20 minutes. Then it was compared with dissolution profile of marketed products for quality and similarity analysis. Lubricant plays a key role in successful manufacturing of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Many failures in pharmaceutical manufacturing operations, directly or indirectly, can be controlled by appropriate screening of lubricants.

Background: Cleome brachycarpa, magical species full of phytochemicals, has magical medicinal properties and should be evaluated extensively. Objectives: We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cleome brachycarpa and the effect of its extract on various hematological parameters, cholesterol levels, and liver enzymes to ensure the safe use of this natural product. Methods: Cleome brachycarpa was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects at 200 mg/kg compared to diclofenic sodium and morphine, respectively. For anti-inflammatory activity, Wistar strain albino rats were pooled and divided into four groups: Negative control (normal saline), positive control (2% acetic acid), standard (Diclofenic sodium 10 mg/kg), and test (Cleome brachycarpa extract orally) groups for 10 days. For analgesic evaluation, mice were divided into control (normal saline), standard (morphine 10 mg/kg), and test (Cleome brachycarpa extract 200 mg/kg) groups and analyzed by the tail-flick method from zero to six hours. An assortment of blood parameters was evaluated, including white cells, red cells, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Besides, we computed the number of platelets, cholesterol, and enzyme (liver) level to ensure the safe use of this natural product. For this purpose, 60 rabbits were collected and divided into groups: Group A (control group) of 30 rabbits pooled without any treatment and Group B (treated group) of 30 rabbits receiving 200 mg/kg of Cleome brachycarpa. After 30 days, 4 mL blood sample was obtained by cardiac puncture. Results: Plethysmometer evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects showed maximum inflammatory inhibition of 29.42% at the sixth hour. Moreover, tail flick analysis showed maximum pain inhibition of 55.10% at the sixth hour, comparable to the standard drug. Furthermore, hematological data were analyzed statistically and showed insignificant results (P ≥ 0.05), indicating no prominent changes in hematological parameters, except for SGPT, a liver enzyme that increased after 30 days of treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Elevated levels of SGPT are usually reported with several drug administrations like NSAIDs and anti-TB drugs, but still, it should be further investigated. Conclusions: Cleome brachycarpa showed promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects without producing any potent change in enzymes except SGPT, which would be evaluated further.

Geometrical plan lacks on existing streets would prompt an expected mishap, for example, a mishap occurs at the sharp bends, layered asphalt conditions, and dangerous asphalt surface. Street auto collision has been expanding in the Southern Region of Tigray, of which this region was appeared to have disturbing rates. As indicated by the Southern Tigray Regional Police, the more rate of street car crashes were recorded in Garhi, Brimah pull and jekhani regions. This examination study zeroed in on the investigation of auto collisions identified with mathematical plan boundaries of the current black top street. While the information for the investigation covered course information, auto collision report from the police headquarters containing a few wounds, crashes, and destroyed the properties, just as meetings and poll studies to individuals who are straightforwardly engaged with street voyages, are thought of. The essential information has basically covered the math of the street which was estimated during the site study, street security review utilizing the agenda, meeting, and poll study. Then again, the auxiliary information gathered from the traffic the executive’s office in the area workplaces. On this, the outcomes introduced as line diagrams, pie outlines, figures for street car crash and sketch for the proposed improvement in the street plan issue. In view of the aftereffects of the investigation in the year 2015 to year 2019, it discovered that there were 1866 Road Traffic Accidents have been happening nearby the overview street areas. It uncovered that the essential driver of street car crashes in the investigation region exuded from the street plan components because of some mathematical lacks at the auto collision inclined regions uncovered that the essential driver of street car crashes in the examination region radiated from the street plan components because of some mathematical insufficiencies at the car crash inclined regions. Hence, this investigation reasoned that the recurrence of event of street auto collisions and the figure of setbacks is altogetherexpanding. This street mishap would endure if the concerned offices don’t satisfactorily address the disease.

Deletion of the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) gene induces an anxiolytic-like behaviour in mice and TDO inhibition by allopurinol elicits an antidepressant-like effect in rats exposed to restraint stress. Chronic nicotine administration inhibits TDO activity, enhances brain serotonin synthesis and exerts anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodent models. There is a strong association between anxiety, depression and tobacco use, which is stronger in women than in men. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between behavioural measures of anxiety and depression with liver TDO activity, brain tryptophan concentration and serotonin synthesis in rats treated chronically with nicotine. Behavioural measures included the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OFT) and forced swim (FST) tests. Biochemical measures included TDO activity, serum corticosterone and brain Trp, 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations. Anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects of chronic nicotine were confirmed in association with TDO inhibition and elevation of brain Trp and 5-HT. Sex differences in behaviour were independent of the biochemical changes. At baseline, female rats performed better than males in OFT and FST. Nicotine was less anxiolytic in females in the open arm test. Nicotine treatment did not elicit different responses between sexes in the FST. Our findings support the notion that liver TDO activity exhibits a strong association with behavioural measures of anxiety and depression in experimental models, but provide little evidence for sex differences in behavioural response to nicotine. The TDO-anxiety link may be underpinned by kynurenine metabolites as well as serotonin.