The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the utility of hysteroscopy as a diagnostic tool in cases of postmenopausal bleeding, The study includes 42 cases presenting with postmenopausal bleeding on which hysterscopy was performed using rigid hysteroscope (CIRCON) with glycine 1.5% as the distension medium. In 17 of the 42 cases positive hysteroscopic findings were noted which included 2 cases of endometrial carcinoma, 2 cases of postmenopausal endometritis, 4 cases of endometrial polyp, 5 cases of endometrial hyperplasia, 1 case of submucous myoma and 3 cases of endocervical polyp whereas normal postmenopausal endometrium was noticed in rest of the 25 cases. Endometrial biopsy was done in all these cases so that the hysteroscopic findings could be corroborated with tissue diagnosis. Hysteroscopy along with directed endometrial biopsy proved to be a useful diagnostic aid in cases of postmenopausal bleeding.

No abstract

Axillary lymph node involvement is a very important poor prognostic factor in the clinical staging and management of breast cancer patients. Traditionally, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been used for determining the status of the axillary lymph nodes. More recently the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) procedure has gained wider acceptance as the standard of care, having the advantage of being less invasivewhile providing good accuracy. This expert group used data from published literature, practical experience and opinion of a large group of academic oncologists to arrive at these practical consensus recommendations in regards with the use of the two different procedures and other issues in patients with early breast cancer for the benefit of community oncologists.