Background: There is very little information available in India about the prevalence of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia in patients and their susceptibility pattern. The increased use of colistin to treat infections are caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has resulted in an increase of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae in numerous countries. Materials and Methods: These isolates were collected from distinct clinical specimens and analyzed using the broth micro-dilution technique to establish their colistin minimal inhibitory concentration (mic). Result: Of 116 Klebsiella species, Klebsiella pneumonia was 96.55% while Klebsiella oxytoca was 3.45%. Among isolates, 09 (7.76%) were colistin resistant Klebsiella pneumonia by broth-micro dilution. In total, 09 case-patients were identified, 62.93% males and 37.07% females. The mean±SD of the age was 45.93±18.15. Carbapenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam and tigecycline were the most effective drug used for combine therapy to colistin resistance gram negative infections. Conclusion: This is the first study to look at the incidence of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in individuals in Jaipur.  Infection caused by Klebsiella pneumonia highly resistant to many drugs.  However, various colistin-based combined strategies have indeed been proven to be effective in curing these problems. To minimise colistin use and avoid misuse, a comprehensive antibiotic stewardship policy must be implemented.

Objectives: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic virus that is one of the most common causes of liver disease and a potential cause of substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a paucity of data on the etiological profile of cirrhosis with HCV association in western Uttar Pradesh. Methodology: The observational type of study was carried out from June 2021 to May 2022 on patients attending in Medicine department at Lala Lajpat Rai Memorable Medical College, Meerut in collaboration with the Microbiology Department at National Capital Region Institute of Medical Sciences, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. We included 247 patients who were diagnosed with cirrhosis, informed consent was taken with a 5 ml blood sample collected from each patient. The sample was screened for the qualitative detection of HCV-specific antibodies using 3rd generation Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from all the participants and Scored by the MELD score system. Result: A total of 247 confirmed cirrhosis patient’s, 52 (21%), patients were positive with the association of HCV in the age group of 41-60 and the mean age was 50 years. The 31 (59.6%) were males, and 21 (40.3%) were females positive for HCV in the low-status family.

Introduction: β-Lactamase production is considered one of the most important resistance mechanisms among virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. The aim of the study was to detect Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo β-Lactamase (MBL) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from various clinical samples. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Govt. Medical College, Shahdol. All clinical specimens were processed and P. aeruginosa isolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for all isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Detection of ESBL and MBL was done by Disc potentiation test. Results: Among 347(27.2%)   isolates of P. aeruginosa, 284(88.2%) were MDR, 139(40%) and 73(21%) were ESBL and MBL producers respectively where 39(11.2%) isolates produced both ESBL and MBL. Conclusion: A high prevalence of MDR, ESBL, MBL positive isolates among P. aeruginosa is increasing at an alarming rate. Thus, proper antibiotic policy and measures to restrict the indiscriminative use of cephalosporins and carbapenems should be taken to minimize the emergence of this MDRPA.