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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the cementite morphology on the hydrogen trapping behavior in low-alloy pipeline steel. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the hydrogen trapping behavior in low-alloy pipeline steel was quantitatively studied by a combination of microstructural observations, electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) analyses. Findings P-1 and P-2 steels are two samples with different microstructures. The morphology of cementite precipitates in the P-1 and P-2 steels was different. Lamellar cementite is present in P-2 steel and only granular cementite in P-1 steel, which led to a better irreversible hydrogen trapping ability of P-2 steel, which was confirmed by subsequent hydrogen permeation and TDS experiments. Originality/value The study of these deep hydrogen trap sites is helpful in improving the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of low-alloy pipeline steels.