With its unprecedented spread globally, English has been diversified, nativized, and hybridized in different countries. In Nepal, English is code-mixed or hybridized as a result of its contact with the local languages, the bilinguals’ creativity, and the nativization by Nepalese English speakers. This qualitative content analysis paper attempts to describe hybridity in Nepalese English by bringing the linguistic examples from two anthologies of stories, two novels, five essays and two articles written in English by Nepalese writers, one news story published in the English newspaper, advertisements/banners, and diary entries, which were sampled purposively. The present study showed that hybridity is found in affixation, reduplication, compounding, blending, neologisms, and calques. Pedagogically, speakers of Nepalese English can utilize linguistic hybridization as a powerful tool to nativize English in the local contexts, exhibit hybrid identities and linguistic co-existence, exercise their bilingual linguistic creativity, reduce their linguistic anxiety, and maximize the linguistic economy.

This paper attempted to address the issues related to bilinguals’ creativity in Nepali English and their implications for World Englishes in the Nepali context. I purposively selected Sheeba Shah’s (2018) novel The Other Queen, went through the contents, and examined the language used in the novel to investigate the linguistic and literary creativity. In this paper, I employed a theoretical framework derived from Kachru (1985) to describe how English is nativised in the Nepali context to convey the Nepali socio-cultural, political as well as historical information, and explore how Nepali literature written in English exhibits typical bilingual creativity of the Nepali writer. I found that the bilingual writer adopted different linguistic and literary strategies such as direct lexical transfer, code-switching, hybridisation, metaphors and proverbs, loan translation, and nativised discourse strategies to convey a distinct sense of Nepaliness. Evidences justify that the bilinguals’ creativity contributes to develop new canons in Nepali English literature.

Since the emergence of varieties of English, varying debates and discussions about their formal features, functions, and roles have persisted worldwide. This quantitative survey research aims to identify the attitudes of Nepali speakers of English towards Nepali English (NE) and other varieties of English. Using the survey questionnaire, the researcher collected primary data through online and face-to-face modes from one hundred participants sampled randomly, out of which fifty participants were the English language teachers from different schools and community campuses and fifty participants were Master level students, including those students pursuing their Master level thesis from a community campus of Morang district. The participants’ attitudes were analyzed and interpreted in terms of intelligibility, nature of standard, identity, practicality, and acceptance. The study showed that most participants were positive towards NE and most of them responded that they can better understand English spoken by NE speakers than British English (BE) or American English (AE) native speakers. However, majority of them were not against BE or AE in terms of intelligibility, nature of standard, and practicality though they supported NE more.

English in Nepal is taken as a foreign language but ground reality shows that it is one of the primary and dominant languages, which is extensively used in various spheres such as academic institutions, technology, business, tourism, social gatherings, and daily lives. This study attempts to analyze the growing craze in the use of English in Nepali public domains. We collected qualitative data from both primary and secondary sources. We purposively selected names of academic institutions, public vehicles, persons, places and things, Nepali movies, two billboards, one text from the social media, two teachers as well as our own experiences. The result reveals that there has been a growing craze in the use of English in Nepali discourses and public domains, along with code-mixing in speech and writing. Extensive use of English in naming, academic institutions, media, and everyday discourses justify that English is growing as a primary and dominant language in Nepal. Therefore, this study suggests that it is necessary to reassess the status and functions of English in Nepal and give it an official status.

This qualitative content analysis article aims at exploring the perspectives of English language teachers on Nepali English (NE). I purposively selected six college level English language teachers from Sunsari and Morang districts and collected the required data through a semi-structured interview. The study reveals that NE has emerged in Nepal as a result of mother tongue influence, nativization of English to local contexts, and exposure from the non-native teachers during the second language acquisition process, and it is practically more appropriate than other varieties of English in Nepal. All the research participants favour NE as it is more intelligible and easier to teach and learn than the other varieties of English, promotes Nepali identity, boosts confidence, reduces anxiety, and helps to resist the hegemony of British English (BE) or American English (AE). They, however, believe that more research and discourse on NE, its codifi cation and standardization, and power (political, economic, and ideological) are necessary for bringing NE into concrete form. These perspectives from the English language teachers on NE pave the ground for appropriating English language policies, English language curriculum, textbooks, and pedagogy in Nepal, and rethinking the traditional treatment of errors.