Background: The anatomy of human foot owes its adaptation to bipedal locomotion. Support and propulsion are the two main activities of foot which are possible due to segmental nature of foot. Bony architecture contributes to the arches of foot. Continuous stress put on the foot during childhood is expected to have changes in developing bone morphology. Pes planus and pes cavus are the two major foot deformities involving medial longitudinal arch.Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pes planus and pes cavus among tribal children of Andhra Pradesh state in India.Materials and Methods: A sample size of 360 healthy tribal children, between the age group of 3-15 years, was randomly selected from Andhra Pradesh State. Anthropometric variables such as standing height and weight, foot length and width were measured. Height was measured using measuring tape and weight using weighing scale. Foot length and foot width were measured using osteometric board. BMI was calculated using the formula BMI= (weight (kg)*10000)/(height(cm))2. Static foot prints of both feet were taken on graph sheets in both weight bearing and non weight bearing conditions. Arch index proposed by Cavanagh and Rodgers was followed to measure Medial longitudinal arch (MLA). MLA was classifed AI≤0.21 as pes cavus, AI=0.21-0.26 as normal foot and AI≥0.26 pes cavus.Results: Incidence of pes cavus was found to be higher than pes planus. Overall prevalence of pes planus was 26.4% & 25.6% while pes cavus was 58.9% & 66.7% for right and left foot respectively. Pes planus at 3-4 year age group was 60% and 63.3% which decreased to 16.7% and 30% at 14-15 year age group for right and left foot respectively. Pes cavus at 3-4 year age group was 33.3% and 33.3% while at 14-15 year age group was 76.7% and 66.7% for right and left foot respectively.Conclusion: Pes cavus was found to be high among 3-15 year children. Age and gender were associated with foot arch structure. External factors like ethnic variations, hilly areas, bare foot walking; climbing trees might have a great role in infl uencing foot arch structure. Alteration from normal foot structure may infl uence the gait and lead to different injury patterns.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 108-116

Background: Facial anthropometry is the scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human face. There is huge paucity in the metric measurements of face in Indian population. This study is involved in collecting facial anthropometric data of Western Uttar Pradesh population of age group between 18-25 years. Aims and Objectives: This study aims at evaluating predominant facial phenotype, using facial height and facial width of Western Uttar Pradesh population as study subjects. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 200 medical and paramedical students of Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences (SRMS-IMS), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. The study subjects were of 18-25 year’s age, belonging to Western Uttar Pradesh region. Digital Vernier Caliper was used to measure the facial parameters. The data was analyzed using statistical tool SPSS 16.0 version. Results: In the present study it is found that facial height and width are more in males compared to females. This difference is statistically significant. On analyzing facial index, hyperleptoprosopic face is the predominant phenotype in males as well as in females, followed by leptoprosopic type in males and mesoprosopic type in females. However, gender differences in facial index are not statistically significant at p<0.05.  Conclusion: The current study reveals that facial parameters can be used to determine the gender of an individual on the basis of height and width.

Pes planus and pes cavus are the two common foot conditions, which fascinate the attention of researchers. A deviation from normal foot arch structure is associated with unstable gait. This study aims at assessing the staheli arch index (SAI) of Jharkhand tribal children. This study was carried out on children belonging to various tribal groups of Ranchi and Angara districts of Jharkhand. Graphical footprints of the study subjects were recorded and assessed using SPSS-16. The mean right SAI was 0.63 and 0.61 for right and left foot respectively. The mean right SAI was significantly greater than that of left foot. Gender differences in mean SAI was statistically insignificant at p<0.05. The mean SAI of 0.75 and 0.76 at the age of 3:<4 years was reduced to 0.64 and 0.61 by 14:<15 years age for right and left foot respectively. There was insignificant correlation of SAI with age and body mass index (p < 0.05).

Background: Stress is a normal psychological, physiological, and behavioral response of any individual. It is the struggle of an individual to cope up with the situation doing more than one’s ability. It can lead to ill health over a period of time, if ignored. Personality refers to one’s behavior toward the environment and oneself. Stress can regulate personality of an individual. It may create great impact on their educational and emotional behavior in student’s life. It is essential to identify and counsel the students undergoing excessive stress and having negative personality. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate perceived stress and correlate it with personality traits in undergraduate students. (i) To evaluate perceived stress in undergraduate students using Perceived Stress Scale (ii) To evaluate personality traits using Eysenck Personality Inventory Scale (iii) To classify students having different personality traits (iv) To correlate perceived stress levels with different personality traits. Materials and Methods: This study evaluates perceived stress and personality in 130 nursing and paramedical students attending a corporate college. Two scales – EPI scale proposed and PSS were used. Mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation were calculated to determine the relationship between personality traits and perceived stress. Results: Mean values of neuroticism, extraversion, and lie score are greater in males than in females. Females had statistically significant higher mean stress values than males. Majority of the students were under moderate stress with 72.6% and 81.1% among male and female subjects, respectively. On comparison, percentage of neuroticism cases was higher in females (49.1%) than males (35.6%). More introvert percentages were found in male subjects compared to females. More ambivert percentages were noted in females than in males. Percentage reliability was greater in females compared to males. Conclusion: This study reveals that higher the neurotic factor greater is the perceived stress and higher the values of extraversion lower are the perceived stress values. Gender differences were noticeable in perceived stress. Hence, the aspect of counseling can be adopted accordingly to understand the psychology of the fresher’s and modulate their mind set to help them cope with academic and personal life situations in an efficient way.