Long-term stable and high-resolution structural colors, can be designed as functional devices.-Structural colors have application prospects in many fields, such as high-resolution printing and anti-counterfeiting.

Abstract. The Yellow Sea, surrounded by East China and the Korea Peninsula, is a potentially important receptor for anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions from East Asia. However, there is little documentation about the distribution and cycle of Hg in this marine system. During the cruise covering the Yellow Sea in July 2010, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM or Hg(0)) in the atmosphere, total Hg (THg), reactive Hg (RHg) and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM, largely Hg(0)) in the waters were measured aboard the R/V Kexue III. The mean (±SD) concentration of GEM over the entire cruise was 2.61 ± 0.50 ng m −3 (range: 1.68 to 4.34 ng m −3 ), which were generally higher than other open oceans. The spatial distribution of GEM generally reflected a clear gradient with high levels near the coast of East China and low levels in open waters, suggesting the significant atmospheric Hg outflow from East China. The mean concentration of THg in the surface waters was 1.69 ± 0.35 ng l −1 and the RHg accounted for a considerable fraction of THg (RHg: 1.08 ± 0.28 ng l −1 , %RHg/THg = 63.9%). The mean concentration of DGM in the surface waters was 63.9 ± 13.7 pg l −1 and always suggested the supersaturation of Hg(0) in the surface waters with respect to Hg(0) in the atmosphere (the degree of saturation: 7.8 ± 2.3 with a range of 3.6-14.0). The mean Hg(0) flux at the air-sea interface was estimated to be 18.3 ± 11.8 ng m −2 h −1 based on a two-layer exchange model. The high wind speed and DGM levels induced the extremely high Hg(0) emission rates. Measurements at three stations showed no clear vertical patterns of DGM, RHg and THg in the water column. Overall, the elevated Hg levels in the Yellow Sea compared with other open oceans suggested that the human activity has influenced the oceanic Hg cycle downwind of East Asia.

In the nearest decades, the rapidly increasing demand of wireless connectivity has resulted in the ubiquitous deployment of wireless systems as well as heavily congested wireless spectrum. Owing to the various inherent advantages, such as spectral and bandwidth relief, no healthy concern, high security, low cost, and low interference with Radio Frequency (RF) waves, visible light communication (VLC) has been an emerging optical wireless data transmission approach that can act as a good complement to and substitute for Radio Frequency. How to achieve a high-speed data transmission is a key problem to be solved in the VLC system. This review mainly focuses on the enabling technologies for high-speed VLC systems, including novel transmitter architectures, blue filters and advanced modulation, and equalization technologies. And the inherent advantages, potential applications, and some issues of VLC that need further study are presented as well. Finally, a comprehensive survey on the recent developments and the key contributions by research groups involved in the field of high-speed VLC is provided.

has been seen above the first-order transition in ErRh 4 B 4 o 8 In the same compound preliminary inelastic neutron scattering 9 has verified that XBBW) peaks at a finite value of q as predicted here.We were stimulated to undertake the present study through discussions with Dr. D. E. Moncton. We would also like to thank Professor B. I. Halperin and Professor M 0 B. Maple for discussions.Energy distributions of electrons ejected from clean and CO-covered Pd(lll) surfaces by impact with metastable He* 2 1 S (excitation energy £* = 20.6 eV) and 2 3 S (E* =19.8 eV) atoms were measured. The operation of the Penning mechanism, viz., He* +A-~ He +A + +e~, is demonstrated for adsorbed CO whose valence orbitals could be identified. Thereby a new surface spectroscopic technique with extreme sensitivity to the outmost atomic layer is established.