BackgroundsThe number of hip fractures, the most common complication of osteoporosis, has increased rapidly over the past decades. The goal of this study is to estimate the avoidable burden of certain modifiable risk factor of the condition using the Generalized Impact Fraction (GIF) model, which has been suggested and used by epidemiologists to overcome the drawbacks associated with the use of Attributable Fraction index. In addition to preventing a risk factor or the avoidable fraction of burden, this index can also calculate the change in the burden, when a risk factor is altered.MethodsInternational databases were searched through PubMed, CINAHLD, Embase using OVID and Google scholar. National resources were searched through IranDoc, IranMedex, SID and Journal sites. Other resources include abstract books and articles sent to the IOF congress. The following search strategy was used: (“Osteoporotic fracture” OR “Fragility Hip fracture” OR “Calcium” OR “vitamin D” OR “BMI” OR “lean body weight” OR “Physical activity” OR “exercise” OR “Smoke”) AND (“prevalence” OR “incidence” OR “relative risk”) and limited to “humans.”ResultsWith regards to different scenarios already explained in modifying the studied risk factors, the greatest impact in reducing the prevalence of risk factors on osteoporotic hip fractures, was seen in low serum vitamin D levels, low physical activity and low intake of calcium and vitamin D, respectively. According to the fact that interventions for low serum vitamin D and low intake of calcium and vitamin D, are related to each other, it can be concluded that implementing interventions to change these two risk factors, in the easy, moderate and difficult scenarios, would result in approximately a 5%, 11% and 17% decrease in the burden of osteoporotic hip fractures, respectively. The addition of interventions addressing low physical activity in the easy, moderate and difficult scenarios, an 8%, 21% and 35% reduction in the burden of osteoporotic hip fractures would be reported, respectively.ConclusionImproving serum vitamin D levels, recommending the consumption of calcium and vitamin D supplementations and advocating physical activity are the most effective interventions to reduce the risk of osteoporotic hip fractures.

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Daytime napping and insomnia are very common among Iranian AD patients, much more so than in normal adults. There is also a significant relationship among psychiatric symptoms, daytime napping, and insomnia, but it seems that daytime napping and insomnia in depressed AD patients are caused more by the progress of AD than by depression.

Introduction:Using opioid for recreational purposes has a very long history in Iran. Social influence is a useful framework in understanding how the social environment affects the individual's behavioral choices to use drugs.Objectives:This study aimed to compare coping styles between opioid dependent and healthy controls.Methods:This study compared opioid dependent individuals entering methadone maintenance treatment program (n=150) with healthy controls (n= 225) on measures of coping strategies with Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS) and some socioeconomic factors. JCS consists of 40 coping behaviors, 15 problem focused and 25 affective focused items. Analysis of variances (ANOVA), multivariate linear regression and binary logistic regression were conducted.Results:Compared to controls, opioid dependent subjects reported less use of problem focused coping (P = 0.04). Control group were significantly more single than opioid dependent group (76.4% versus 23.6%; P = 0.01). There was a significant relation between opioid dependence with cigarette smoking (P < 0.001), lower education (P = 0.006), being employed (P < 0.001), having children (P < 0.001). Also, cigarette smokers had a significantly lower problem focused coping scale in comparing with non smokers in general (P < 0.001).Conclusion:Opioid dependent subjects showed more vulnerable toward the stresses of life such as marriage, having children and a job. Educational programs to improve problem solving and coping skills can be helpful to reduce the rate of dependency to opioid and cigarette.