Managers can anticipate factors that may decrease nurse's ability and willingness to work during pandemic flu. Preparing for staffing during emergencies can retain the health care workforce when it is needed most.

To maintain an adequate nursing workforce during a flu pandemic, employers should ensure that policies and procedures include providing adequate PPE for nurses and safeguarding the health of nurses and their families. The level of perceived threat is likely to affect the proportion of nurses willing to work. Some nurses will not work during a flu pandemic no matter what protections and incentives are offered; efforts intended to force or entice all nurses to work are unlikely to succeed.

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The role of multi-professional learning in diabetes care has been controversial due largely to the severe practical problems that need to be overcome to allow comparisons with the standard uni-disciplinary approach. We describe the operation and analysis of a unique university-based but community-orientated multi-professional diabetes care course over a four-year period. The analysis is based both on objective assessment of students by the teaching team and by the assessment of the course and the teaching methodology by the students following completion. The results show significant improvements in knowledge, very good perception of quality and usefulness, with a large impact on the students' clinical confidence and perceived clinical practice following completion. Analysis in nine areas of diabetic care is presented with the vast majority of responding students confirming a better community standard of care as a result. We are of the opinion that these results support the application of multi-professional learning to encourage improved community care of diabetes.

The responses of 361 college students to the Jenkins Activity Survey and a self-report sleep questionnaire were used to demonstrate an inverse relationship between normal habitual sleep duration and level of Type A behavior. The possibility that patterns of sleep may be implicated in the development of Type A behavior in some individuals was considered. 185This paper reports a correlation between response to the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and self-reported normal habitual sleep duration that may provide further insight into the processes underlying the development of Type A behavior. Our research was the outgrowth of an attempt to resolve an apparent conflict between the results of two sets of studies (Hartmann, Baekeland, & Zwilling, 1972; Webb & Friel, 1971) in which the relationships between extremes in normal habitual sleep duration (l.e., short and long sleepers) and certain aspects of personality had been correlated. To elaborate, Webb and Friel attempted to prove the null hypothesis for personality differences between short and long sleepers, with "personality" defined by a battery of tests that included the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the California Personality Inventory, the Zung Depression Scale, and the Cornell Medical Index.While, in their first study, Hartmann et al. (1972) did find differences between short and long sleepers on some of the subtests of the scales used by Webb and Friel (1971), that aspect of their data was not replicated in subsequent research (Spinweber & Hartmann, 1976) . However, in the aforementioned studies, Hartmann and his colleagues collected both interview and clinical behavioral rating data from their short and long sleepers. With those measures (i.e., with data not considered by Webb and Friel), Hartmann et al. found, and replicated, a fairly pronounced pattern of personality differences between short and long sleepers. Essentially, Hartmann et al. (1972) described the short sleepers as efficient, energetic, ambitious, but "preprogrammed," nonworriers who tended to "avoid problems by keeping busy and by denial which in We are grateful to David C. Glass for providing a copy of the JAS and the scoring key, to Signe Gary for her help in preparing the manuscript, and to the San Jose State University Foundation for providing funds for this research. Reprints may be obtained from