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Abstract:The GC-MS analyses of Origanum majorana L. (OME) and Origanum vulgare L. (OVE), Lamiaceae, essential oils helped identification of 39 (96.4% of the total oils) and 43 (92.9% of the total oils) components, respectively. The major constituents of OME were terpinene-4-ol (20.9%), linalool (15.7%), linalyl-acetate (13.9%), limonene (13.4%) and α-terpineol (8.57%), whereas, thymol (21.6%), carvacrol (18.8%), o-cymene (13.5%) and α-terpineol (8.57%) were the main components of OVE. In the disc diffusion and the resazurin microtitre assays, OME showed better antibacterial activity than OVE with larger zones of inhibition (16.5-27.0 mm) and smaller MIC (40.9-1250.3 µg/mL) against the tested bacterial strains. Only OVE displayed anti-heme biocrystallization activity with an IC50 at 0.04 mg/mL. In the DPPH assay, OVE showed better radical-scavenging activity than OME (IC50=65.5 versus 89.2 µg/mL) and both OME and OVE inhibited lionleic acid oxidation. However, in the bleaching β-carotene assay, OVE exhibited better antioxidant activity than OME. In the MTT assay, OME was more cytotoxic than OVE against different cancer cell types, such as MCF-7, LNCaP and NIH-3T3, with IC50s of 70.0, 85.3 and 300.5 µg/mL, respectively. Overall, some components of OME and OVE may have antiparasitic and chemotherapeutic activity.

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Spanking to discipline a child has been a matter of great debate and concern throughout history. However, there is no such literature available on the relationship between gender, age and spanking to discipline a child from Multan district. Realizing the severity and importance of the current project was initiated to explain the views of parents and teachers on a Likert scale. A quantitative random survey research using a standardized instrument was carried out during 2020. Data were processed using descriptive and inferential statistical measures. Chi square test results revealed that there is a significant relationship between gender and spanking to discipline. However, Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation do not show any significant relationship between the two variables. Both genders favour spanking to discipline children. However, females believe more in spanking to discipline. Keywords: Child discipline, correlation, punishment, spanking, personality, behaviour