The knowledge and the beliefs on medical education influence the teaching-learning approach used by medical educators and their perception of students' ability to be active learners. This paper highlights the student-centred teaching methods used by the medical educators of the Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia for undergraduate medical student teaching, their medical education approach in teaching and their perception on students' performance.

The abnormal expression of choline (Cho) metabolism is one of the factors that may contribute to the development of breast cancer. Earlier studies proved that Cho uptakes are varied among the different subtypes of breast cancer. Apart from the ubiquitous 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), the F-18 Fluorocholine (F-18 FCH) has also been proved to be one of the oncologic markers for PET imaging modality. However, it is never been tested on breast cancer patient. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the distribution of F-18 FCH in breast cancer patient. Materials and Methods:The biodistribution of 18F-FCH was obtained at two different time points; six minutes and 30 minutes after administration 18F-FCH. The biodistribution data were collected within the first-hour post-injection from the attenuation-correction of whole-body PET scans. The estimation of radiation dosimetry was then calculated using human biodistribution data assuming no redistribution of tracer after one hour. Results:The F-18 FCH uptake on the malignant tissues was distinguished compared to the uptake in surrounding normal tissue, but much lower than in the liver as the time increases. The 18F-FCH showed a significant difference with high uptake in malignant breast cancer as compared to benign breast cancer with 18F-FCH uptake of (1.66±0.26 vs. 0.56±0.14 (p=0.007). Conclusion:Although F-18 FCH was never tested on breast cancer patient on PET imaging, the results showed higher SUVmax uptake in the malignant breast tissue as the time increases.

INTRODUCTION: An episode of prolonged exposure to high altitude can cause hypoxia and have significant health consequences. In people with a high-altitude disorder, the body reacts by producing a protein called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which triggers a series of physiological changes and serves a central role in the hypoxia response. Its activity is regulated by the oxygen-dependent degradation of the HIF-1α protein (HIF-1A gene). Therefore, the effects of low oxygen tension in high altitude were explored using fluorescent sensors of hypoxia.METHODS: The development of the sensor provided more sensitivity for detecting hypoxia by generating a calibration of optimized parameters such as reagent concentrations, reagent volumes, and device dimensions.RESULTS: There is a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting the changes of HIF-1α protein hypoxia using the feasibility hypoxia test. This would enable point-of-care (POC) testing and individual self-administration, resulting in faster and more accurate results that can be used for a robust diagnostic approach and enhanced health surveillance, particularly in high-altitude exposure.Shaharuddin S, Rahman NMANA, Masarudin MJ, Alamassi MN, Saad FFA. HIF-1 sensor in detecting hypoxia tolerance at high altitude. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(6):485–487.

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