Water pollution requires constant analysis and revision of water resource policy at all levels. Unfortunately, waterways are polluted by illegal dumping of urban waste, industrial waste, and a variety of human activities. Hazardous releases from industry are harmful to both human and animal health and safety. The Ravi River is the largest river in Punjab, Pakistan, and its water quality has deteriorated as a result of the inflow of municipal and industrial waste. As a result of this pollution, the aquifer environment is deteriorating. This situation necessitates an assessment of the pollution level in the Ravi and its sediments in order to make an urgent and ecological arrangement to preserve and replenish the quality of the aquifer for long-term and safe use without interfering with the natural flow of the environment. Samples of fish (Cirrhina mrigala), water, and sediment from three public fishing sites in the Ravi River, Shahdra Bridge, Saggian Bridge, and Balloki Headworks, were collected on a monthly basis from October 2015 to March 2016 to detect metal concentrations. Physico-chemical parameters viz dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity were measured on the spot, while hardness, turbidity, and alkalinity were measured in the laboratory. The findings show that the highest concentrations of chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) are present in water, fish organs, and river Ravi bed sediments at all three locations with statistically significant variations. Pb was slightly higher for all fish organs compared to Cr. The highest concentration of chromium in water samples was found in October 2015, while the lowest concentration was detected in February 2016. The study concludes that all types of wastewater (sewage and agricultural waste) should be treated and tested for toxic heavy

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of replacing soybean meal in fish diets with the cheaper alternative plant protein moringa meal (Moringa oleifera) on growth and body composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. L. rohita (average weight 190.25±00g) were stocked randomly in glass aquaria for a 90 day feeding trial. Fish were fed twice daily with four different iso-nitrogenous diets at a feeding level of 3% of total biomass. The diets contained 26% crude protein in which moringa meal substituted soybean meal at 0% (control), 10%, 20% and 30%, with the groups fed these diets designated as T 0 , T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , respectively. The highest weight gain (254.00±4.24 g) was recorded in T 3 and lowest in T 0 (80.97±17.80 g). Significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) between T 3 (1.81±0.06) and T 1 (2.70±0.13) and specific growth rate (SGR) of T 3 (0.42±00) and T 1 (0.25±0.01). These findings indicated that M. oleifera meal has good potential to substitute soybean meal as a relatively cheap and good quality plant protein source without any harmful effects on fish body composition.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary protein levels on digestive enzyme activities, nutrient assimilation as well as growth performance in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Fish were fed with four semi-purified formulated diets with increasing levels of protein: 30% (CP30), 35% (CP35), 40% (CP40) and 45% (CP45) for 12 weeks. At the end of the feed trial, the highest weight gain (29.88 g fish-1), specific growth rate (3.58%) and lower feed conversion ratio (1.91) were observed in fish that were fed with a 40% protein diet while CP30 treatment group had the poorest growth performance indicators (P<0.05). Proximate analysis revealed that fish fed with either CP40 (18.50%) or CP45 (19.33%) diets had the highest protein content in comparison to that fed CP30 (17.13%) and CP35 (17.00%) diets. Similarly, the highest body lipid content was CP35 (4.20%) treatment group and the lowest in CP40 (3.83%). The amino acid in the harvested fillets was also significantly higher (P<0.05) in both CP40 and CP45 dietary treatments. The increasing dietary protein level also elevated both protease and amylase activity, while lipase activity significantly decreased (P<0.05). The study revealed that a 40 % protein level diet produced from regional ingredients in the Middle East had yielded optimal growth performance and higher muscle quality in striped catfish.

Two hundred Labeo rohita fingerlings of uniform size (2-3g), irrespective of sex, were used to investigate the effects of dietary Fe and Fe2O3-NPs on growth, muscle composition and hematological aspects of fish. Fish maintained on 32% crude protein, conventional basal feed was supplemented with Fe & Fe2O3 nanoparticles (each at 0.6 & 0.8 mg/kg supplementation levels) to replicate groups of fish for 90 days. Morphometric characteristics i.e. wet body weight (g) and body length (cm) was recorded fortnightly. It was found that the weight gain, body length, SGR and PER were significantly improved in the fish fed on nano iron oxide supplemented diet (T2). Protein and lipid nutrients retention in the body meat was improved in group of fish fed with nano iron supplemented diet (T3). A significant increase in hemoglobin (Hb) content, red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell count (WBC) and hematocrit (Ht) value was noticed throughout the study period when compared to control group. From the results, it was concluded that Fe-NPs@0.6mg/Kg level is more suitable for Labeo rohita with great growth potential and improved muscle composition and hematology as compared to other levels of Fe and Fe2O3 NPs.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of different levels of protein on the growth, body composition, amino acid profile and serology of Channa marulius fingerlings. The experiment was conducted in ten happas installed in earthen ponds, each stocked with 10 fishes for 90 days. Four commercial fish feeds having 25%, 30%, 32% and 40% crude protein (CP) levels were fed to fish at 3% of their wet body weight three times a day. The results of the study revealed that highest weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survival rate were observed in 30% protein feed. Meanwhile, moisture content was higher in fish fed with 30% CP feed while highest crude protein was recorded in 40% CP fed fish. Lowest fat content was observed in 32% CP feed. Amino acid profile of fish revealed better results in 30% CP feed. Total protein, glucose and globulin were also highest in fish feeding 30% CP feed, while albumin was highest in 40% CP feed. It is concluded that 30% CP feed showed better results in terms of growth, amino acid profile and serological parameters without effecting fish body composition.