Drinking and driving are still a serious concern on the roads, even though the last twenty years has seen an increase in exposure to various designated driver programs. Even though a majority of people have either been one or used one, most designated drivers have still consumed some alcohol. Another option is that of an outside driver, such as a safe ride program in which a safe ride is offered for free by taxis or volunteers. One such program under study, offers a ride home for both the driver as well as their vehicle. To examine the population who utilizes such a program two studies were conducted which included 1,985 participants (1206 male, 744 female) from two major California cities. The volunteer drivers gathered data during their rounds between January 2002 and September 2002. If the current safe ride program not been in place 632 Participants (44%) reported that they would have driven themselves home. 582 participants (40%) have used back roads in the past to evade being stopped by the police; on average they used back roads 3.4 times in the past month. When questioned about having control over not drinking and driving 455 (32%) participants didn't feel they had control over their choice to avoid drinking and driving. Participants who reported having driven back roads in the past to avoid confrontation with the police after drinking had significantly higher estimated BAC levels than those who said they had never done so. This sample reflected similar populations.

A pedestrian and traffic safety study was conducted in San Diego County, California, with 1,587 adult and teenage traffic violators who were attending traffic school. The surveys were disaggregated on the basis of respondents' demographic characteristics. There were 589 Spanish speakers and 998 English speakers. The surveys measured respondents' safe driving score and correlated the score with their assessment of safety and the level of aggression shown toward pedestrians in six photographs. Photographs were selected to depict certain pedestrian and driving environments and pedestrian-vehicle interactions. The photographs were used as a means of assessing the drivers' level of sensitivity to pedestrian environments. Respondents were asked to assess drivers' behaviors on certain roads, their levels of aggression toward pedestrians, and the quality of sidewalks. Responses to the photographs were analyzed with demographic differences (adults and teen, Spanish and English) and the safe driving measure scores. Significant differences were found in the responses on the basis of driving measure and demographic differences. Many respondents were unaware of California laws related to pedestrian's rights and duties when sidewalks are missing. They were also insensitive to pedestrian-driver conflict situations. Some of the lack in understanding or empathy toward pedestrians is due to inadequate treatment of pedestrian safety issues in the literature on aggressive driving. On the basis of this research, it is felt that aggressive acts toward pedestrians need to be included in the definition of aggressive driving so that drivers are made aware of the rights of pedestrians.

This study investigates the role of hydration and its relationship to the conformational equilibrium of the host molecule β-cyclodextrin. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the unbound β-cyclodextrin exhibits two state behavior in explicit solvent due to the opening and closing of its cavity. In implicit solvent, these transitions are not observed, and there is one dominant conformation of β-cyclodextrin with an open cavity. Based on these observations, we investigate the hypothesis that the expulsion of thermodynamically unfavorable water molecules into the bulk plays an important role in controlling the accessibility of the closed macrostate at room temperature. We compare the results of the molecular mechanics analytical generalized Born plus nonpolar solvation approach to those obtained through grid inhomogeneous solvation theory analysis with explicit solvation to elucidate the thermodynamic forces at play. The work illustrates the use of continuum solvent models to tease out solvation effects related to the inhomogeneity and the molecular nature of water and demonstrates the key role of the thermodynamics of enclosed hydration in driving the conformational equilibrium of molecules in solution.

Motor vehicle crashes result in approximately 90,000 pedestrian injuries and 5,000 pedestrian deaths in the United States each year. Of these, 34 percent of the injuries and 18 percent of the deaths occur at intersections. In a recent study, around 5,000 pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes were coded in a population-based sample drawn from California, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Utah. About 1,630 (32.6 percent) of these incidents occurred at intersections, with turning vehicles responsible for 30.4 percent of the incidents and another 15.9 percent due to driver violations. Along with enforcement and engineering, quality education can be very important in improving driver behavior and providing a better understanding of the vulnerability of pedestrians. State driverlicensing manuals can play a key role. Well-written, well-illustrated information on pedestrian conflicts associated with different traffic regulations and controls at intersections and on the potential hazards for pedestrians associated with driver violations, along with statistics, would encourage drivers to modify their behaviors. Better manuals are becoming increasingly important with the gradual phasing out of driver education at schools. The present level of information disseminated by 32 states and the District of Columbia was reviewed and found to be insufficient in these regards, needing significant improvements. Recommendations are offered on ways to improve the quality of information.