The glaucous appearance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants, that is the light bluish-gray look of flag leaf, stem, and spike surfaces, results from deposition of cuticular b-diketone wax on their surfaces; this phenotype is associated with high yield, especially under drought conditions. Despite extensive genetic and biochemical characterization, the molecular genetic basis underlying the biosynthesis of b-diketones remains unclear. Here, we discovered that the wheat W1 locus contains a metabolic gene cluster mediating b-diketone biosynthesis. The cluster comprises genes encoding proteins of several families including type-III polyketide synthases, hydrolases, and cytochrome P450s related to known fatty acid hydroxylases. The cluster region was identified in both genetic and physical maps of glaucous and glossy tetraploid wheat, demonstrating entirely different haplotypes in these accessions. Complementary evidence obtained through gene silencing in planta and heterologous expression in bacteria supports a model for a b-diketone biosynthesis pathway involving members of these three protein families. Mutations in homologous genes were identified in the barley eceriferum mutants defective in b-diketone biosynthesis, demonstrating a gene cluster also in the b-diketone biosynthesis Cer-cqu locus in barley. Hence, our findings open new opportunities to breed major cereal crops for surface features that impact yield and stress response.
Complex interactions between different host immune cell types can determine the outcome of pathogen infections. Advances in single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) allow probing of these immune interactions, such as cell-type compositions, which are then interpreted by deconvolution algorithms using bulk RNA-seq measurements. However, not all aspects of immune surveillance are represented by current algorithms. Here, using scRNA-seq of human peripheral blood cells infected with Salmonella , we develop a deconvolution algorithm for inferring cell-type specific infection responses from bulk measurements. We apply our dynamic deconvolution algorithm to a cohort of healthy individuals challenged ex vivo with Salmonella , and to three cohorts of tuberculosis patients during different stages of disease. We reveal cell-type specific immune responses associated not only with ex vivo infection phenotype but also with clinical disease stage. We propose that our approach provides a predictive power to identify risk for disease, and human infection outcomes.
The hydrophobic cuticular membrane of land plants performs a number of important roles during fruit development, including protection from a range of abiotic and biotic stresses. The components of the fleshy fruit cuticle are synthesized and secreted from the epidermal cells. While the biosynthetic and transport pathways of the cuticle have been thoroughly investigated for a number of decades, the regulatory mechanisms allowing fine tuning of cuticle deposition are only now beginning to be elucidated. Transcription factors belonging to the APETALA2, homeodomain-leucine zipper IV, and MYB families have been shown to be important regulators of both cuticle biosynthesis and epidermal cell differentiation, highlighting the connection between these processes. The involvement of MADS-box transcription factors demonstrates the link between fruit ripening and cuticle deposition. Epigenetic and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms also play a role in the control of cuticle biosynthesis, in addition to phytohormones, such as abscisic acid, that have been shown to stimulate cuticle deposition. These various levels of genetic regulation allow the plant constantly to maintain and adjust the cuticle in response to environmental and developmental cues.
Key to the success of intracellular pathogens is the ability to sense and respond to a changing host cell environment. Macrophages exposed to microbial products undergo metabolic changes that drive inflammatory responses. However, the role of macrophage metabolic reprogramming in bacterial adaptation to the intracellular environment has not been explored. Here, using metabolic profiling and dual RNA sequencing, we show that succinate accumulation in macrophages is sensed by intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) to promote antimicrobial resistance and type III secretion. S. Tm lacking the succinate uptake transporter DcuB displays impaired survival in macrophages and in mice. Thus, S. Tm co-opts the metabolic reprogramming of infected macrophages as a signal that induces its own virulence and survival, providing an additional perspective on metabolic host–pathogen cross-talk.
El trabajo pretende descubrir sentimientos o sensaciones de las personas evocadas por los colores e imágenes, pues aunque se saben ya ciertas verdades explicadas en diversos estudios y libros, se trata de intentar alterarlas también para ver que perciben ellos. Por eso, el nombre del proyecto Percepción fotográfica. La visión del individuo, quiere mostrar a través de fotografías y formas, lo que entienden y sienten las personas, se intenta descubrir qué sensación percibe o qué le transmite un color, una imagen o una determinada forma al individuo.El título se divide en dos partes, percepción pues lo primordial del trabajo es lo que se recibe al visualizar una imagen, por ello es esencial en este proyecto. La segunda parte tiene las dos palabras claves y de gran importancia, visión, es a través de ella y gracias a ella, como llegamos a la percepción de los sentidos evocados de imágenes. Tras la visualización, se encuentra el individuo. Por supuesto, necesitamos a una persona, ella es la protagonista dado que es la que visualiza, la que siente, la que percibe y la que transmite sus sentimientos. MEMORIA PREVIA ENCUESTA_________________________________________La encuesta está dividida en tres partes, color-percepción, cálido-frío y el peso visual-color. Cada una de estas partes tiene preguntas sobre estos temas.La primera parte, color-percepción se ha desarrollado gracias a varios libros que nos muestran la estrecha relación que hay entre el sujeto y sus sentimientos y los colores. Así como la percepción de las personas hacía algunos colores. Principalmente, está enfocado a los colores primarios, rojo, verde y azul, ya que de estos tres derivan todos los colores. Pero, teniendo en cuenta algunos estudios anteriores como el de Eva Heller que muestra sus conocimientos y sus conclusiones en el libro La psicología del color y gracias al gran Josef Alber y La interacción del color se han podido desarrollar conclusiones y preguntas interesantes.Para la realización de la encuesta por parte de distintos individuos, se les ha dado una lista previa de palabras con diferentes connotaciones, pues en algunas preguntas se les pedirá que escojan de la lista una palabra para unirla con la percepción que le transmite un color, una composición o una imagen. Así, se obtendrá una primera impresión de lo que les transmite o les hace sentir un color, imagen… Las palabras escogidas son las siguientes:Calmado agresivo pesado ligero serio juvenil lejano cercano rabia pasión fantasía masculino femenino pesado ligero frío distante cálido cercano confiado sensual infantil alegría tristeza.La primera pregunta presenta una serie de nueve colores al sujeto, y se le pide a éste que escoja una palabra de las que se le han ofrecido al inicio de la encuesta y que ponga la que cree que se asemeja más al color. Los colores escogidos son los siguientes: Todos los colores que aparecen son seleccionados intencionadamente, puesto que han formado parte de la documentación previa elaborada para la realización de la encuesta. Todos estos colores son nombrado...
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