Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against highly variable viral pathogens are much sought-after to treat or protect against global circulating viruses. We have probed the neutralizing antibody repertoires of four HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses and rescued 17 new monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that neutralize broadly across clades. Many of the new MAbs are almost 10-fold more potent than the recently described PG9, PG16, and VRC01 bnMAbs and 100-fold more potent than the original prototype HIV bnMAbs1–3. The MAbs largely recapitulate the neutralization breadth found in the corresponding donor serum and many recognize novel epitopes on envelope (Env) glycoprotein gp120, illuminating new targets for vaccine design. Analysis of neutralization by the full complement of anti-HIV bnMAbs now available reveals that certain combinations of antibodies provide significantly more favorable coverage of the enormous diversity of global circulating viruses than others and these combinations might be sought in active or passive immunization regimes. Overall, the isolation of multiple HIV bnMAbs, from several donors, that, in aggregate, provide broad coverage at low concentrations is a highly positive indicator for the eventual design of an effective antibody-based HIV vaccine.
The HIV envelope (Env) protein gp120 is protected from antibody recognition by a dense glycan shield. However, several of the recently identified PGT broadly neutralizing antibodies appear to interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT 127 and 128 with Man9 at 1.65 and 1.29 Å resolution, respectively, and glycan binding data delineate a specific high mannose binding site. Fab PGT 128 complexed with a fully-glycosylated gp120 outer domain at 3.25 Å reveals that the antibody penetrates the glycan shield and recognizes two conserved glycans as well as a short β-strand segment of the gp120 V3 loop, accounting for its high binding affinity and broad specificify. Furthermore, our data suggest that the high neutralization potency of PGT 127 and 128 IgGs may be mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P, 1) regulates vascular barrier and lymphoid development, as well as lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, by activating high-affinity S1P1 receptors. We used reversible chemical probes (i) to gain mechanistic insights into S1P systems organization not accessible through genetic manipulations and (ii) to investigate their potential for therapeutic modulation. Vascular (but not airway) administration of the preferred R enantiomer of an in vivo-active chiral S1P1 receptor antagonist induced loss of capillary integrity in mouse skin and lung. In contrast, the antagonist did not affect the number of constitutive blood lymphocytes. Instead, alteration of lymphocyte trafficking and phenotype required supraphysiological elevation of S1P1 tone and was reversed by the antagonist. In vivo two-photon imaging of lymph nodes confirmed requirements for obligate agonism, and the data were consistent with the presence of a stromal barrier mechanism for gating lymphocyte egress. Thus, chemical modulation reveals differences in S1P-S1P1 'set points' among tissues and highlights both mechanistic advantages (lymphocyte sequestration) and risks (pulmonary edema) of therapeutic intervention.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate type 1 (S1P(1)) receptor agonists cause sequestration of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs by a mechanism that is not well understood. One hypothesis proposes that agonists act as 'functional antagonists' by binding and internalizing S1P(1) receptors on lymphocytes; a second hypothesis proposes instead that S1P(1) agonists act on endothelial cells to prevent lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes. Here, two-photon imaging of living T cells in explanted lymph nodes after treatment with S1P(1) agonists or antagonists has provided insight into the mechanism by which S1P(1) agonists function. The selective S1P(1) agonist SEW2871 caused reversible slowing and 'log-jamming' of T cells between filled medullary cords and empty sinuses, whereas motility was unaltered in diffuse cortex. Removal or antagonist competition of SEW2871 permitted recovery of T cell motility in the parenchyma of the medulla and resumption of migration across the stromal endothelial barrier, leading to refilling of sinuses. Our results provide visualization of transendothelial migration of T cells into lymphatic sinuses and suggest that S1P(1) agonists act mainly on endothelial cell S1P(1) receptors to inhibit lymphocyte migration.
Carbohydrate-protein interactions on surface and in solution were quantitatively measured by a glycan microarray. Assessing carbohydrate affinities is typically difficult due to weak affinities and limited sources of structurally complex glycans. We described here a sensitive, high-throughput, and convenient glycan microarray technology for the simultaneous determination of a wide variety of parameters in a single experiment using small amounts of materials. Assay systems based on this technology were developed to analyze multivalent interactions and determine the surface dissociation constant (KD,surf) for surface-coated mannose derivatives with mannose binding lectins and antibodies. Competition experiments that employed monovalent ligands in solution yielded KD and Ki values in solution similar to equilibrium binding constants obtained in titration microcalorimetry and surface plasmon resonance experiments.
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