Background Tranexamic acid reduces surgical bleeding and reduces death due to bleeding in patients with trauma. Meta-analyses of small trials show that tranexamic acid might decrease deaths from gastrointestinal bleeding. We aimed to assess the effects of tranexamic acid in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods We did an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 164 hospitals in 15 countries. Patients were enrolled if the responsible clinician was uncertain whether to use tranexamic acid, were aged above the minimum age considered an adult in their country (either aged 16 years and older or aged 18 years and older), and had significant (defined as at risk of bleeding to death) upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients were randomly assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Patients received either a loading dose of 1 g tranexamic acid, which was added to 100 mL infusion bag of 0•9% sodium chloride and infused by slow intravenous injection over 10 min, followed by a maintenance dose of 3 g tranexamic acid added to 1 L of any isotonic intravenous solution and infused at 125 mg/h for 24 h, or placebo (sodium chloride 0•9%). Patients, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. The primary outcome was death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation; analysis excluded patients who received neither dose of the allocated treatment and those for whom outcome data on death were unavailable. This trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN11225767, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01658124.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of restrictive pulmonary dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients.

Objective: Main aim of this research is to evaluate and differentiate the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of racecadotril versus probiotics and loperamide in the out/ inpatient management of adults with acute diarrheal illness. Study Design: Mainly a multicentre, heterogenous, double‐blind, comparable‐ assemblage analysis. Setting: Department of Medicine District Head Quarter Hospital Sargodha. Period: May 2019 to October 2019. Material & Methods: Patients over eighteen years of age (Males/females) having acute diarrheal illness were entitled for this study. Patients who have symptoms of at the minimum three watery stools per 24 hours with less than two weeks duration were considered having acute diarrhea. Acetorphan (100 mg 3 times/ 24hrs), probiotics and loperamide (2 mg succeeding every loose motion) were given orally in 100 adults with moderate severe diarrhea in three different groups of patients. Treatment plus oral rehydration therapy was continued for five days or uptill recuperation, if this sprung up prior. The patients were briefed (at the day one visit) to report during the succeding visit about symptoms control. Patients were not clued-up that normal stool frequency was the main seek of the study, so there was no chance for Pygmalion effect. Results: Towards the end of study it was observed that the quantifiable accomplishment rates for loperamide, racecadotril and probiotics were 89.0%, 94.28% and 33.33% respectively. Denote diarrhea span was (16 +/-1.9h) with racecadotril, (15+/-1.1h) for loperamide and 26 +/- 4.5h) for patients using probiotics. Conclusion: In adult patients having acute diarrheal illness loperamide and racecadotril are expeditious, about equivalently effectual therapies. Probiotics are not as effective as other two drugs but have least side effects. Treatment relevant constipation was more in loperamide group as compare to two others.

Aim: To analyze visual outcome after suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetate in cystoids macular edema of different pathology. Study design: Prospective interventional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Ophthalmology, Niazi Medical & Dental College Sargodha from 1st July 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Fifty patients were suffering from uveitis (Intermediate uveitis) most common, diabetic macular edema resistant to other treatments like maximum anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections, vascular occlusion disorders were included. All participants were followed-up at 1-week, 1-month 3 and 6 months and best corrected visual acuity and intraocular pressure was also recorded. All procedure done in the main operation theatre under full sterilization condition and consider it as a part of major procedure. Results: Females appeared to be more in number than to males. In mostly patients the cause of cystoids macular edema was uveitis (Intermediate type) (n=30) followed by vascular disorder (n=10). There was a significant improvement after treatment on visual acuity according to the given results. Conclusion: Common cause of cystoids macular edema in the present study was uveitis followed by vascular disorders. There was a significant improvement after treatment on visual acuity according to the given results. Most patients achieve good visual activity after treatment. Key words: Uveitis, Supra-choroidal injection, Cystoid macular edema, Treatment

Objective: To determine whether the body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin (HB) level are associated withsocioeconomic strata among pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic strata. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Sheikh Zayed Hospital, National Hospital & Medical Center, and Hameed LatifHospital Lahore (Punjab; Pakistan), from Mar to Dec 2018. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 pregnant women of lower, middle and upper class; age range from 15-39 years. Women from all trimesters were included in the study. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data about participants of the study. Anthropometric measurements, body mass index (BMI), and hemoglobin (HB) level were evaluated in participants belonging to different socioeconomic status. Results: The study determined that 3% of participants were underweight, 29% had average weight, 45% belong to an overweight category, and 23% were obese as assessed based on BMI values. Hemoglobin level varied from 9.1 mg/dl to 11 mg/dl among participants of different socioeconomic strata. A significant association was observed between BMI, HB level, and socioeconomic status (p=0.000). However, there was no significant association observed between BMI and hemoglobin. Conclusion: It was concluded that the body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin (HB) were significantly associated with socioeconomic conditions of pregnant women but showed no association with each other. This provided the potential for new avenues to improve health status during pregnancy.