Background: COVID-19 not only jeopardized the health, economy but also the education. Medical education is the worst affected area. Shift from traditional learning to online teaching brings forth new kind of complexity in teaching and learning behavior. Student’s attitude towards digital world, availability of resource, their capacity to use and learn from online teaching, institutional conversion and adoption of online method of teaching and their impact all are expected concerns. This study is the reflection of female medical student’s status and perception during Covid 19 pandemic. Objective: To assess the affect of covid-19 pandemic on medical education among female medical students. Study Design: Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Pak Red Crescent Medical & Dental College Kasur from 1st January 2021 to 31st August 2021. Methodology: Questionnaire was generated based on student’s interview, feedback and literature review. Question was of yes/no type. Impact of Covid19 was assessed, working potential, future planning, availability of resources, role of institution, knowledge, attitude and mental and physical well being. Questionnaire was distributed and collected after 24 hours, majority responders were female. Results: There were 29 students with average age of 21.3±2 years, who responded to the survey, among them only 2 were males. 86.2% claimed negative impact of Covid-19. 34.5% had mild, 37.9% moderate and 24.1% had severe anxiety. Only eight (27.6%) students worked as frontline worker or volunteer during pandemic with highest rate (66.7%) among final year or house officers. Majority (93.0%) were aware of the COVID-19 infection and its consequences. Social media was the major source of information for 79.3% followed by WHO web site, faculty lectures, government health advisors and conference/symposia at campus. A good number (65.5%) were willing to work as frontline worker, 58.6% had their families no objection on their working as frontline workers.13.8% did not have digital devices. 58.6% were satisfied with internet function. Conclusion: Majority student’s physical and mental wellbeing affected by Covid. Most were aware of Covid and its consequences. Institution need to integrate online teaching method into traditional way of learning. More resources should be directed for education and provision of facility. Keywords: COVID-19, Education, Learning, Anxiety , Female students, Digital devices

Aim: To identify the prevalence of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis. Study design: Prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Pakistan Railways Hospital, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from 1st April 2021 to 30th September 2021. Methodology: Fifty conjunctivitis patients enrolled within age of 14-29 years. Clinical examination, slit lamp test and lab testing separated cases as viral or bacterial conjunctivitis. Polymerase chain reaction post culturing was sued in viral conjunctivitis cases while Kirby-Baur disc diffusion assay was sued in bacterial conjunctivitis confirmation. Results: There were 91.17% patients with viral conjunctivitis in age of 24-29 years and 62.5% patients with bacterial conjunctivitis within 14-18 years. The odds ratio value between the male and female gender showed a significant difference between both genders with 95% confidence interval with higher female frequency in both. Coronavirus cases were highest with 52.9% while cases of Micrococciwere highest as 37.5% with conjunctivitis. Conclusion: Viral conjunctivitis was more common in general cases due to recent covid-19 infection followed by Micrococci bacterial conjunctivitis. Keywords: Allergic conjunctivitis; Bacterial conjunctivitis; Children; Vision Impairment

Aim: To analyze visual outcome after suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetate in cystoids macular edema of different pathology. Study design: Prospective interventional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Ophthalmology, Niazi Medical & Dental College Sargodha from 1st July 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Fifty patients were suffering from uveitis (Intermediate uveitis) most common, diabetic macular edema resistant to other treatments like maximum anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections, vascular occlusion disorders were included. All participants were followed-up at 1-week, 1-month 3 and 6 months and best corrected visual acuity and intraocular pressure was also recorded. All procedure done in the main operation theatre under full sterilization condition and consider it as a part of major procedure. Results: Females appeared to be more in number than to males. In mostly patients the cause of cystoids macular edema was uveitis (Intermediate type) (n=30) followed by vascular disorder (n=10). There was a significant improvement after treatment on visual acuity according to the given results. Conclusion: Common cause of cystoids macular edema in the present study was uveitis followed by vascular disorders. There was a significant improvement after treatment on visual acuity according to the given results. Most patients achieve good visual activity after treatment. Key words: Uveitis, Supra-choroidal injection, Cystoid macular edema, Treatment

Objective: In the present study an attempt was made to assess the effect of pterygium excision on the induced astigmatism, and the relationship between the size of pterygium and the amount of astigmatism. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Conducted at Jinnah International Hospital during from March 2021 - September 2021. Methods: There were fifty five patients of both genders were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 20-65 years. After obtaining informed written permission, we collected demographic data on all of the participants, including their age, gender, place of residence, and job title.All the included patients in this study had pterygium. The paired t-test was used to compare data from before and after surgery. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare preoperative astigmatism to the grade of pterygium. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: Among 55 patients, 30 (54.5%) were males and 25 (45.5%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 35.9±15.45 years. There were 32 (58.2%) patients had urban residency and 23 (41.8%) cases had rural residency. Majority of the patients were outdoor workers 38 (69.1%). Majority of the eyes had grade II pterygia 24 (43.6%), 17 (30.9%) patients had grade III and 12 (21.8%) had grade IV pterygia and 2 (3.6%) had double headed pterygia. Pre-operative mean astigmatism in eyes with grade II was 3.43± 1.34D, in eyes of grade IIImean astigmatism was 4.83 ±1.62D and in eyes of grade IV 8.78±2.39D decreases to 1.5±2.18D, 1.56±3.61D and 5.11±4.32D. We found visual acuity same in 26 (47.3%) and improvement in 29 (52.7%) eyes from 0.50± 1.41 D to 1.1±0.56 D. Refractive cylinder was improved to 2.91±2.61D with p vale <0.003. Conclusion: In this study, we found that as the pterygium grows in size, so does the degree of induced astigmatism. A successful pterygium surgery lowers the astigmatism caused by the pterygium and enhances visual acuity. Keywords: Pterygium, Astigmatism, Visual acuity, Pterygia grades

Objectives: To evaluate the success rate of probing and syringing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children under local anaesthesia. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ophthalmology Department, Niazi Medical Dental College, Sargodha Pakistan, from Jul 2018 to Dec 2019 Methodology: Forty-five children were included in the study, of which five had bilateral epiphora. Children of 8-12 months of age were included in this study. Probing and syringing were done under topical local anaesthesia. In this study, special modified straight 25D lacrimal probe cannula was used. Post-operative steroids and antibiotics were given to all the children for two weeks. Results: Forty Children (45 Eyes) of 8-12 months of age (less than one year) were included in this study. Single successful probing was achieved in 40 eyes (88.88%). Probing was repeated in five cases. Repeated successful probing was achieved in 3 eyes (60%) as the remaining two eyes (40%) where success was not achieved had a bone abnormality which needed an ENT examination and further intervention like Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with close intubation. Conclusion: Topical local anaesthesia is a good alternative to general anaesthesia as it is not available, particularly in remote areas of Pakistan. It saves the children from the hazards of general anaesthesia and is a good choice for children who are not fit for general anaesthesia.