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Background: COVID-19 not only jeopardized the health, economy but also the education. Medical education is the worst affected area. Shift from traditional learning to online teaching brings forth new kind of complexity in teaching and learning behavior. Student’s attitude towards digital world, availability of resource, their capacity to use and learn from online teaching, institutional conversion and adoption of online method of teaching and their impact all are expected concerns. This study is the reflection of female medical student’s status and perception during Covid 19 pandemic. Objective: To assess the affect of covid-19 pandemic on medical education among female medical students. Study Design: Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Pak Red Crescent Medical & Dental College Kasur from 1st January 2021 to 31st August 2021. Methodology: Questionnaire was generated based on student’s interview, feedback and literature review. Question was of yes/no type. Impact of Covid19 was assessed, working potential, future planning, availability of resources, role of institution, knowledge, attitude and mental and physical well being. Questionnaire was distributed and collected after 24 hours, majority responders were female. Results: There were 29 students with average age of 21.3±2 years, who responded to the survey, among them only 2 were males. 86.2% claimed negative impact of Covid-19. 34.5% had mild, 37.9% moderate and 24.1% had severe anxiety. Only eight (27.6%) students worked as frontline worker or volunteer during pandemic with highest rate (66.7%) among final year or house officers. Majority (93.0%) were aware of the COVID-19 infection and its consequences. Social media was the major source of information for 79.3% followed by WHO web site, faculty lectures, government health advisors and conference/symposia at campus. A good number (65.5%) were willing to work as frontline worker, 58.6% had their families no objection on their working as frontline workers.13.8% did not have digital devices. 58.6% were satisfied with internet function. Conclusion: Majority student’s physical and mental wellbeing affected by Covid. Most were aware of Covid and its consequences. Institution need to integrate online teaching method into traditional way of learning. More resources should be directed for education and provision of facility. Keywords: COVID-19, Education, Learning, Anxiety , Female students, Digital devices

An experiment was laid out to determine the response of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on alfalfa yield under different types of irrigation water. First factor comprised of two treatments as chemical fertilizer (NP 58-88 kh ha-1), Organic fertilizer as poultry manure (5 tonnes ha-1) and the other factor was comprised of three treatments as tube well water, Canal water and Treated wastewater. The results indicated that fertilizer's application significantly affected the parameters. Chemical fertilizers significantly effect on plant height (50.23 cm), number of stems per m-2 (647.67) and nitrogen percentage (0.05%). Irrigation levels had a significant effect on parameters especially canal water performed better. Plant height (49.79 cm), crop growth rate (2.37g m2 day-1) and nitrogen percentage (0.05%) these parameters were observed as better for canal water. A combination of chemical fertilizer with tube well water performed better as the maximum results were seemed for parameters of the leaf to stem ratio (0.99), root length (14.58 cm), pH (8.15), nitrogen percentage (0.05%) and organic matter content (0.85). The better performance of soil for Lucerne crop was observed in chemical fertilizer than in FYM and poultry manure. The positive effect of canal water and chemical fertilizers on available moisture in the soil was estimated. All treatment means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability level. During the experiment period, significantly higher crop yield was obtained in canal water and chemical fertilizer. The study concluded that the canal water and chemical fertilizer boosted crop yield and growth, improved Lucerne's quality content.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity is one of the important problems faced by neonates causing lifelong morbidity. It can be prevented by early detection and prompt treatment. Objective: To determine the frequency of retinopathy in premature infants in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Methodology: A three-centered cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. All neonates after taking informed consent form guardians were enrolled in the study according to selection criteria. All cases were screened for retinopathy of prematurity at four weeks of age for the first time and later followed up at 4 to 6 weeks interval according to disease stage on slit lamp by consultant ophthalmologist. The premature infants were diagnosed as retinopathy of prematurity based on the operational definition. Results: The mean age was 15.80±5.57 hours, mean gestational age of positive cases was 30.46±1.40 weeks and mean birth weight of positive cases was 1528.2.36±201.47 g. There were 15 (14%) cases who had retinopathy of prematurity while 96 (86%) cases had normal eyes. Among them 11 (73%) cases were of stage 1, 3 (20%) cases of stage 3 and 1(7%) case of stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: In our study, retinopathy is observed in 14% of the premature infants. Keywords: Preterm birth, Gestational age, Complication, Retinopathy of prematurity

Introduction: The COVID-19 could be a dangerous widespread that has influenced each angle of life including education. The educational institutes have been closed to avoid the spread of the infection, and they have changed over their system into distance education. Completing the semester there's a have to be address the risky issues within the modern framework to create it for future usage Objectives: 1-To explore the effects of Covid-19 on life style 2- To know the perceptions and suggestions regarding online education in pandemic Material and Methods Study design: Qualitative Settings: Rawalpindi Medical University Duration: Six months i.e. 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2021 Data Collection procedure: It was focus group discussion conducted via Zoom link. There were 15 medical students were selected from all five classes of MBBS randomly after taking informed consent. A variety of issues that were obtained from the discussion were identified. Results: The findings have uncovered that most of the members were influenced by the widespread period contrarily Anxiety, hope less, and fatigue. It is clear from the findings that education process has had its shortcomings instead of its advantages such as need of interaction, and communication which lead the students to segregation, issues about exams, conventional instructive habits, the load of assignments, and time administration. On the other side the advantages regarding flexibility of place and time to learn and comfort in assessment Conclusion: It is evident that the COVID-19 widespread process has influenced the students’ lives adversely. These negative sentiments have not been overcome by the instruction they uncovered all through the period. While, in conventional campus life they would be at the side their companions and teachers and they would overcome the issues together through socializing. Distance education system tried to facilitating teaching. The COVID-19 widespread period ought to be regarded as an opportunity for teachers to consider how to push the distance education framework forward. Within the light of the findings, it would be awesome to create the current distance education practices which we may well are beyond any doubt that long-term executions get a solid premise. Keywords: Covid-19, Pandemic, Focus group, Distance education, Higher education