This study assessed the meaning of just-about-right (JAR) categories when used with a 5-point intensity scale. The panelists comprised both consumer and in-house respondents. The JAR categories have various meanings as perceived by the respondents: "prefer product," "very good," "I like the product," "like it very much," "highly favorable," "high acceptability," "desirable like the product," "best for the situation" and "correct." Thus, the JAR meanings invoke preference and acceptability. This article presents two additional analyses to help the product tested. One method of analysis divides below-JAR deviation from the above-JAR deviation, with standard statistical procedures applied in each data set. The second method introduces the signalto-noise ratio statistic for analyzing the relation of JAR to overall liking. Both analytic methods provide new ways to look at the JAR data, especially with respect to hedonics and product improvement. Corresponding

This article deals with sample size (n) estimation by computer simulation using the variance of consumer and in-house sensory tests. The current sample size used in descriptive analysis was also examined. The sample size ranging from 20 to 200 was used to detect a difference ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 on a 9-point hedonic scale. For the simulated consumer data, significant difference was first observed at a difference of 0.60 when n = 40. Increasing the difference to above 0.60, the first significance likewise appeared when n = 40. Based on the variability used in the study, these results support the commonly cited sample size of 40-100. Thus, the role of the difference to be detected is very important in determining the sample size (base size). The variance can be obtained from historical data. In this study, the difference ranging from 0.60 to 1.00 is critical and can be used by the research and sensory analysts as a guide. Therefore, the analysts must have an idea of the size of hedonic differences among formula or products to be compared in determining the appropriate sample size. The power of the test for various sample sizes is provided through plots of power versus n. For descriptive analysis, the results showed that the recommended minimum is n = 5, noting that in most cases, judges differed by 1 unit on a 15-point rating scale. The power of the test is also reported for n ranging from 5 to 14 judges.

Data sets from three studies were examined to determine the effects of brand ident$cation and package design on consumer responses during product evaluation. In these studies, consumers evaluatedproducts with or without brand identification, compared products in standardized conditions, and compared products in different package designs with different or identical product contents. Measurement of consumer responses for all studies war based on 9-point hedonic scale. m e results of the study showed that consumers were less critical in their evaluation when the samples being assessed were identified by brand names. Brand identification and package design, when not concealed in the comparison of product contents, resulted in consumer response bias. Also, the popularity of a brand influenced consumer's perception of products.