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Bacterial folliculitis, rosacea, and other common skin conditions have been linked to infestation by Demodex mites (human demodicosis). Currently, there is little guidance for treatment of inflammatory conditions associated with demodicosis. Thus, the objective of this review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatments utilized for Demodex infestation. PubMed (1946 to January 2019) and Embase (1947 to January 2019) were searched with the following term combinations: Demodex mites, Demodex folliculitis, demodicosis, Demodex folliculorum, or Demodex brevis and articles evaluating treatment of body surface colonization with Demodex mites were included. Common interventions used for Demodex infestation include metronidazole‐based therapies, permethrin, benzoyl benzoate, crotamiton, lindane, and sulfur. Short courses of metronidazole taken orally have shown efficacy in reducing Demodex density. Additionally, topical administration of permethrin daily or twice daily was shown to be efficacious across multiple studies. Crotamiton and benzyl benzoate were also efficacious treatments. Several therapies were associated with mild‐to‐moderate skin irritation. Due to limited data, no standard of care can be identified at this time. Efficacious treatment options may include permethrin, crotamiton, benzyl benzoate, and oral metronidazole; however, long‐term efficacy has not been established.

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Millennials approach things differently compared to earlier generations, and this includes the manner in which they learn. The absence of approaches best suited for teaching this generation can hinder their learning abilities. This can be particularly challenging in professional programs such as doctor of pharmacy where students are not only expected to have mastery of content but also demonstrate high level of knowledge retention. In recent years, there have been significant technological advances and an educational approach that takes advantage of these will be well received by this young generation of students. In a bid to capitalize on such teaching and learning approaches to better connect with the students of today, there has been a proliferation in gamification tools for teaching. In this study we employed a game‐based student response system known as Kahoot! to assess PharmD students’ perception on gamification and its influence on learning outcomes. We introduced Kahoot! as a formative assessment tool in the classroom for pharmacy students in professional years one to three (P1 – P3) at Chicago State University. We administered a questionnaire to the students and their responses were collated and analyzed using Qualtrics. Results of the study show that over 84 % of the sampled PharmD students indicated that Kahoot! was fun and easy to use. Overall, the findings reveal that using Kahoot! enriches the quality of student learning in the classroom, with 73 % of respondents reporting that gamification gives them a better understanding of topics. The same percentage of students responded positively about employing the gamification tool to assess students’ understanding of topics. About 71 % of participants reported that the tool was able to highlight areas that required more attention. The study also revealed that 73% of respondents indicated that the use of games in the classroom kept them engaged and helped them score well on tests given at the end of the lecture. Of note, about 80% of students stated that the tool has given their confidence a boost. Taken together, gamification has improved the quality of teaching and learning beyond what is provided in conventional classrooms where normal PowerPoint slides and “chalk and talk” are used.

Methyl mercury is a teratogenic and neurodevelopmental toxicant in the environment. MeHg affects several biological pathways critical for brain development. The present study validated the effect of Fisetin on developmental MeHg exposure induced alterations in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and Rho GTPase mRNA expressions in hippocampus of F generation rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were grouped as Group I : administered with vehicle control, Group II: MeHg (1.5 mg/kg b.w), Group III: MeHg + Fisetin (10 mg/kg b.w), Group IV: MeHg + Fisetin (30 mg/kg b.w), Group V: MeHg + Fisetin (50 mg/kg b.w), Group VI: MeHg + Fisetin (70 mg/kg b.w), Group VII: Fisetin (30 mg/kg b.w) alone. Fisetin reduced mercury accumulation in offspring brain. In hippocampus, Fisetin preserved mitochondrial total thiol status, glutathione antioxidant system, mitochondrial metabolic integrity and respiratory chain activity. Fisetin ameliorated apoptotic signals by preventing Cytochrome c release, down regulating ERK 1/2 and Caspase 3 gene expression. Fisetin also upregulated mRNA expressions of RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 in hippocampus. Predominant effect of Fisetin was to reduce mercury accumulation in offspring brain there by diminishing the toxic effect of MeHg. Hence we showed that, gestational intake of Fisetin (30 mg/kg b.w.) impedes developmental MeHg neurotoxicity by regulating mitochondrial apoptotic and Rho GTPase signalling molecules and by reducing the mercury accumulation in hippocampus of F generation rats.