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Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

The maximization principle-that people aspire to the highest possible level of something good if all practical constraints are removed-is a common yet untested assumption about human nature. We predict that in holistic cultures-where contradiction, change, and context are emphasized-ideal states of being for the self will be more moderate than in other cultures. In two studies ( Ns = 2,392 and 6,239), we asked this question: If participants could choose their ideal level of happiness, pleasure, freedom, health, self-esteem, longevity, and intelligence, what level would they choose? Consistent with predictions, results showed that maximization was less pronounced in holistic cultures; members of holistic cultures aspired to less happiness, pleasure, freedom, health, self-esteem, longevity, and IQ than did members of other cultures. In contrast, no differences emerged on ideals for society. The studies show that the maximization principle is not a universal aspect of human nature and that there are predictable cultural differences in people's notions of perfection.

Citation for published item:rornseyD wFtF nd humnnD uF nd finD FqF nd flumenD F nd ghenD FF nd qomezD eF nd qonz¡ lezD F nd qunD F nd ushimD iF nd veedevD xF nd ohlD wFtFeF @PHIUA 9gonservtives re more relutnt to give nd reeive pologies thn lierlsF9D oil psyhologil nd personlity sieneFD V @UAF ppF VPUEVQSF Further information on publisher's website: httpsXGGdoiForgGIHFIIUUGIWRVSSHTIUTWIHWT Publisher's copyright statement: rornseyD wFtF nd humnnD uF nd finD FqF nd flumenD F nd ghenD FF nd qomezD eF nd qonz¡ lezD F nd qunD F nd ushimD iF nd veedevD xF nd ohlD wFtFeF @PHIUA 9gonservtives re more relutnt to give nd reeive pologies thn lierlsF9D oil psyhologil nd personlity sieneFD V @UAF ppF VPUEVQSF gopyright PHIU he euthor@sAF eprinted y permission of eqi ulitionsF Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Karina Schumann is an Assistant Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh. Her main research focus is interpersonal conflict resolution, with a special emphasis on understanding how to move people towards more constructive responses to conflict (e.g., apologies, empathy, forgiveness).Paul Bain is a Senior Lecturer in social and cross-cultural psychology. His latest research interests involve people's beliefs about how society will change in the future and their political implications. Sheyla Blumen is a Professor in the field of talent development and gifted education.Sylvia Xiaohua Chen is a professor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Her research interests include the social psychology of bilingualism and biculturalism, personality and social behavior in cultural contexts, and globalization and multiculturalism.Ángel Gómez is an Associate Professor at the Dept. of Social and Organizational Psychology at UNED, Madrid. Dr. Gómez´s research interests include the exploration of extreme behavior in general and identity fusion in particular, and strategies for improving intergroup relations and reducing intergroup conflicts and violence.Roberto González is professor of psychology at P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. His research interest are in intergroup contact, social identity, acculturation processes and prosocial behaviors. Michael Wohl is a Professor of Psychology at Carleton University. His research focuses on the role emotions play in conflict and the regulation of those emotions to advance forgiveness and reconciliation. Word count: 4936Acknowledgements: Data were collected using funds from an

Enrichment for the gifted in the regular classroom was studied with a teacher training workshop developed for the purposes of this study. Participants were 231 second-graders of Lima public schools (in Peru). The instruments used, TCT-DP and the CogAt test, wererst culturally adapted to the Lima context. Results reveal a signi cant ability 3 time interaction in gural-creative performance and a condition 3 time signi cant interaction effect. Also, analysis of school achievement showed an ability 3 time interaction effect. These ndings argue for the further development and use of teacher training programs in educating the gifted within the regular classroom in Lima public schools.