Purpose The purpose of this paper is to combine the elaboration likelihood model and hedonic/utilitarian values into a coherent model of shopping motivational values for online and offline Malaysian shoppers. Once these values were identified, they were compared to one another based on shopping channel, gender, and age group. Design/methodology/approach The Shopping Motivational Value Questionnaire was developed by the researcher after extensive literature review and measured the respondent’s perception toward shopping motivational values in both shopping channels. Data were collected from 306 Malaysians above the age of 21, and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and pairwise t-test techniques. Findings The factor analysis revealed a three-factor model of shopping motivational values. Gratification Values were the most important to shoppers, followed by Essential and Societal Values. Shoppers perceived all these motivational values as important when shopping offline as compared to online, regardless of gender and age group. Research limitations/implications The results of the factor analysis revealed a three-factor model of shopping motivational values: Gratification Values which were the most important to shoppers, followed by Essential and Societal Values. These values were then compared to one another based on shopping channel, gender, and age group. Results indicate that shoppers perceived all these motivational values as important when shopping offline rather than online, regardless of gender and age group. Moreover, the perception of shoppers toward specific product categories and other shopping channels were not taken into account. Originality/value This study attempted to combine the elaboration likelihood model and hedonic and utilitarian values into a coherent model. A questionnaire was developed by the researcher with these two theoretical models as its foundation. Additionally, the shopping motivational values of this study have been formulated to be compatible to both shopping channels.

The development of novel and innovative technologies to an extent has enriched the means of how assessments are done. Researchers and academics alike explore and leverage on the employment of an assemblage of technologies to design their assessments which are critical in gauging the students' learning outcomes. However, the manifestation of technology in the context of teaching and learning necessitates reconceptualization of existential and fundamental theories which scaffold learning process. Thus, this paper provides a critical and contextualised exploration of the eminent Bloom's Taxonomy, Comprehensive Learning Theories (CLT) and e-assessments with its underpinning and groundwork concepts, ensuing its feasibility and application in the blended learning environment.

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Work stress is always associated with managers' satisfaction, mental and physical well-being. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on causal relationship of stressors, satisfaction, organization and mental and physical well-being by using SEM (structural equation modeling) analysis among managers in Malaysia. The purpose of the present study is to ascertain the causal relationship of stress and the outcome of stress on managers' well-being. This was a cross sectional research, which consisted of 338 managers from various private sectors in Klang Valley and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Pressure management indicator questionnaire was used as the measurement instrument in this study. The SEM results indicate that work stress has direct effect on satisfaction, mental and physical well-being. Meanwhile, satisfaction has direct effect on organization and mental well-being, organization has direct effect on mental well-being and mediators also have been identified in the study. The impact of work stress shows that mental well-being has greater effect on physical well-being compared to work stress.