The mechanism of the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) on the close-packed transition metal surfaces of Co, Ni, Cu (from the 3d row), Rh, Pd, Ag (from the 4d row), Ir, Pt, and Au (from the 5d row) has been systematically examined by periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The comparison of potential energy surface (PES) concludes that WGSR activity is influenced by two kinds of elementary steps: O−H bond dissociation and C−O bond formation. Activation barriers (Ea) and reaction energies (ΔH) on a series of metal surfaces show good BEP relationship; however, their energetic trends are opposite in these two kinds of steps. In O−H bond dissociation steps, trends of Ea and ΔH are groups 9 < 10 < 11 and 3d < 4d < 5d. On the other hand, C−O bond formation steps on the surfaces of the lower-right metals in the d block (Cu, Ag, Pt, Au) have relatively lower Ea and ΔH, which is responsible for their high WGSR activity of metal/oxide catalysts. In addition, the fundamental of energetic trends has been examined from the analyses of adsorption energy, density of state (DOS), and charge density. The result shows that the surfaces of upper-left d-block metals (Co, Ni, Rh) with higher energy and smaller delocalization of their d orbitals yield a stronger adsorption energy with higher induced charges that will stabilize dissociating fragments to lower the barrier and retard desorptions to lift the barrier in O−H bond dissociation and C−O bond formation steps, respectively. The prediction of energetic trends in the present work is also appropriate for other catalytic reactions, such as ethanol decomposition and CO oxidation, and can help us scientifically design a better catalyst for the desired reaction.

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Festivals benefit the local service economy and reinforce social cohesion within the local community. This study draws on transformative service research to argue that festivalscapes have a transformational impact on local residents' cocreation behavior and thus their subjective well-being. Data were collected during the 2016 Taipei lantern festival, amounting to 945 valid survey responses. Our analysis finds that cues related to the festival environment positively influence local residents' sense of place attachment, cocreation behavior, and subjective well-being. Place attachment mediates the relationship between festival environmental cues and customer cocreation behavior. More significantly, the higher the degree of intercustomer social support is perceived to be by local residents during the festival, the greater the sense of attachment to the local community shown. This study contributes to transformative service research by demonstrating that local residents' subjective well-being is an essential part of the service ecosystem in hosting a festival. Festival service managers should consider the local community's perception of festivals to simultaneously boost local service sustainability and ecosystem well-being. Service managers may determine improvements to the stimulation of intercustomer social support, as it plays a transformative role, adding value to festivals.

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