Objective. To examine the association of blood pressure with cardiovascular mortality in real-world settings and investigate whether that association varied by use of antihypertensive medication at baseline. Methods. Data from 27,728 Japanese men and women, aged 40-79 years, free of stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer, and kidney disease at entry (1988-1990) were used in this study. Mortality surveillance was completed through 2009, resulting 449,800 person-year follow-up. Hazard ratios for cardiovascular mortality were analysed by blood pressure category (based on 2018 European guidelines) at admission. Results. There were 1,477 deaths from cardiovascular diseases. Relative to high-normal blood pressure at admission, the multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of cardiovascular disease were: 0.85(0.69-1.04) for optimal blood pressure; 0.96(0.81-1.15) for normal blood pressure; 1.26(1.09-1.46) for Grade 1 hypertension; and 1.55(1.31-1.84) for Grade 2-3 hypertension. A similar linear association was observed among persons not taking antihypertensive medication at admission. Among patients treated for hypertension, a U-shaped association with cardiovascular disease mortality was observed; hazard ratios =2.

BackgroundAlthough several cross-sectional and intervention studies showed that sodium intake or excretion was associated with blood pressure levels, no prospective study has examined the long-term association between sodium excretion in spot urine and blood pressure changes.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study of 889 normotensive subjects (295 men and 594 women, mean age 57.3 years) who underwent the baseline survey including spot urine test in 2005 and the follow-up survey in 2009 to 2011 (mean follow-up period: 5.8 years). We examined the association between sodium concentration in spot urine, a validated index of sodium excretion occurring over 24-h, and blood pressure changes between baseline and follow-up survey in all, non-overweight (body mass index(BMI) ≤ 25 kg/m2) and overweight normotensives.ResultsFor all subjects, sodium concentrations in spot urine were not associated with either systolic or diastolic blood pressure changes. When stratified by BMI at baseline survey, sodium concentrations were positively associated with systolic blood pressure changes in non-overweight subjects, but not in overweight subjects. After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake status, current smoking and estimated glomerular filtration rate, the multivariable-adjusted mean values of the systolic blood pressure change among non-overweight subjects was +7.3 mmHg in the highest quartiles of sodium concentrations, while it was +3.9 mmHg in the lowest quartile (P for difference = 0.021, P for trend = 0.040). After further adjustment of baseline blood pressure levels, the association was slightly weakened; the multivariable-adjusted mean values of the systolic blood pressure changes were +7.0 mmHg and +4.2 mmHg (P for difference = 0.047, P for trend = 0.071).ConclusionsHigh sodium concentrations in spot urine were associated with subsequent systolic blood pressure increases among non-overweight normotensive individuals. (272 words)Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12872-016-0219-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A urinary biomarker for total protein intake was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure levels for men in a Japanese general population.