No abstract

The complete 1H and 13C NMR characterization of streptogramin B (1), the major component of a clinically important synergistic antibiotic complex, was presented for the first time, along with those of L‐156,587 (2), a dehydrated congener of streptogramin A (3). Compounds 1 and 2 were not synergistic and produced by Streptomyces albogriseolus in co‐culture with Tsukamurella pulmonis, which poses a question on the adaptive significance of the induced production of this antibiotic pair.

Solving complex system challenges such as natural resource management in social-ecological systems (SESs) is fraught with great uncertainty. To cope with these challenges, socially vulnerable people in developing countries have created various autonomous innovations. This study focuses on the concept of leverage point (LP) to understand the emergence of innovations and the transformation mechanism of SESs. An LP is a part of a complex system where a small change can cause transformations in the entire system and can be identified from causal networks in an SES. This study analyzed the emergence processes of autonomous innovations as causal networks through transdisciplinary collaboration with innovators in communities and succeeded in visualizing the initial conditions, outcomes, and challenges. We constructed a new definition of LPs based on graph theory and classified LPs into three types based on their characteristics. The network analysis of the causal networks of two innovations in developing countries revealed that the three types of LPs functioned synthetically in complex systems to promote transformation. Based on these results, we propose the potential ways of interventions for the transformation of complex system networks including plural LPs and discuss their effectiveness as boundary objects in transdisciplinary processes collaborating with diverse stakeholders. Further research is expected to accumulate knowledge for solving the various challenges faced by SESs.

No abstract

In recent years, the forestation in rivers is one of the biggest pr oblems for river administrator. In this study, th e f actor analysis o n t he forestation about t he w illow a nd ba mboo communities in r ivers is conducted f or t he l ong-term a nd appropriate ma nagement. The twelve f irst-class rivers i n Ch ugoku District are divided into small drainage basins, where a rate of trees and seven parameters: distance from a weir, to tal n itrogen, to tal phosphorus, ma ximum discharge d ivided by ordinary di scharge, d istance between levees divided by average water s urface width, slope of t he river bed and be d deformation are allocated. The correlation a nalysis and t he cluster a nalysis between t he rate o f t he t rees an d t hese parameters were performed to f ind the c ontributing f actor o f t he f orestation i n rivers. These factor analyses indicate that the deformation of riverbed is a main f actor for the river for estation about t he willow.