Objective: Doxorubicin (DOX) treatment has been reported to increase the risk of serious toxicity in testis, therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of training and Crocin on doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 42 Wistar rats were randomized into seven groups of six rats, including 1) Control, 2) DOX, 3) DOX + 10 mg/kg/d (day) Crocin, 4) DOX + 50 mg/kg/d Crocin, 5) DOX + high intensity interval training (HIIT), 6) DOX + HIIT with 10 mg/kg/d Crocin and 7) DOX + HIIT with 50 mg/kg/d Crocin. During eight weeks, rats in groups 3, 4, 6, and 7 administered Crocin daily at specific doses by gavage, and groups 5 to 7 performed HIIT(2-8rep2min at 80-110% Vmax) 5 day/w. Also, groups 2 to 7 administered 2 mg/kg/w DOX intraperitoneal. The testes were removed and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and protein carbonyl (PC) were analyzed using ELISA methods, oneway analysis of variance along with Bonferroni’s post hoc test were used for analysis in SPSS (P≤0.05). Results: The results of the present study showed that doxorubicin induced oxidative stress in testicular tissue by decreasing the level of GPX and TAC and increasing PC level (P≤0.05); TAC and GPX improved in all groups except groups 2 and 5, respectively, and their increase in the group 7 was significantly higher compared to other groups (P≤0.05). Increased PC levels were significantly reduced in the groups 5, 6 and 7. Conclusion: The increase in antioxidant levels in the concurrent Crocin and training group seems to be dosedependent, but the oxidative stress in both Crocin and training groups of 10 and 50 mg/kg/d is associated with a decrease, but its modulation in the Crocin consumption group alone depends on the dose.

A previous study showed the importance of physical exercise in improving heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) at rest. Studies have shown that resting HR is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, which causes mortality in men and women with and without diagnosed cardiovascular disease, and that reducing hypertension would alone reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. But published guidelines did not recommend high-intensity exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this randomised study was to assess the effect and comparison of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) representing the same total training load on resting HR and BP in coronary artery disease (CAD). Twelve CAD patients were randomised to supervise either HIIT (65-75% HR peak) for 33 min or MICT for 41 min, three times a week for 8 weeks. The result showed that HIIT decreased signifi cantly the resting HR (p=0.03), and the systolic (p=0.006) and diastolic (p=0.03) BP; also MICT decreased these parameters but they were not signifi cant. However, there was no signifi cant difference between HIIT versus MICT. Therefore, HIIT was superior to MICT for improving resting HR and BP in CAD patients. The present data may be useful in designing effective training programme for improving health among CAD patients in the future.

Background: Chemotherapy drugs can cause liver damage by causing hepatotoxicity. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the interactive effect of continuous training and Crocin supplementation on hepatocyte apoptosis in male rats induced by doxorubicin. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to: (1) Healthy, (2) doxorubicin (Dox), (3) Dox + crocin (Cr), (4) Dox + continuous training (CT), and (5) Dox + CT + Cr. Group 1 received normal saline daily; groups 2 to 5 received (7 × 2 mg/kg) Dox intraperitoneal; groups 3 and 5 received 10 mg/kg crocin orally on a daily basis, and groups 4 and 5 were trained 5 days/week (60 - 70 of maximum speed) for 8 weeks. Results: The Dox group had the highest mean percentage of apoptotic hepatocytes (64.33 ± 6.02) compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In contrast, tissue apoptosis was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in all intervention groups: Dox + CT (30.67 ± 4.04%), Dox + Cr (18 ± 2.64%), and Dox + CT + Cr (13.67 ± 1.52%); however, the improvement was greater in the group receiving crocin. Conclusions: Continuous training, Cr, and their combination significantly reduced hepatocyte apoptosis in male rats exposed to Dox-induced toxicity. However, a greater reduction in liver tissue apoptosis was recorded for the Crocin-treated groups.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of one session whole body vibration (WBV) on anaerobic power and flexibility in non-athletic male students. The participants were 12 untrained healthy male students (age: 25.42 years; body mass: 72.99 kg; height: 175.92 cm and body fat percentage: 19.69%). On the day of assessment, the subjects carried out 10 min-warm-up including jogging, stretching and cycling on ergometer. Then, several tests were carried out; vertical jumping test for assessing power, distance jumping test for assessing explosive power and sit and reach test for assessing flexibility. After that, the vibration with frequency 30 Hz and amplitude 10 mm was conducted eight times including 1-min vibration along with 1-min rest lasting for 15 min. After a 5-min cool down, the test of vertical test, distance jump and flexibility was repeated. The results showed that one session of WBV leads to a significant increase in the amount of vertical jump (p=0.009), peak and aerobic power (p=0.002) and flexibility (p=0.005). However, there was no significant increase in distance jump after WBV (p=0.063). Therefore, we concluded that one session of WBV would lead to an increase in anaerobic power, which can be due to neural activation of fast twitch motor units. The increase in flexibility was attributed to the neuromuscular facilitation resulting from WBV.