Biodiversity offsets provide a mechanism for maintaining or enhancing environmental values in situations where development is sought, despite negative environmental impacts. They seek to ensure that unavoidable deleterious environmental impacts of development are balanced by environmental gains. When onsite impacts warrant the use of offsets there is often little attention paid to make sure that the location of offset sites provides the greatest conservation benefit, ensuring they are consistent with landscape level conservation goals. In most offset frameworks it is difficult for developers to proactively know the offset requirements they will need to implement. Here we propose a framework to address these needs. We propose a series of rules for selecting offset sites that meet the conservation needs of potentially impacted biological targets. We then discuss an accounting approach that seeks to support offset ratio determinations based on a structured and transparent approach. To demonstrate the approach, we present a framework developed in partnership with the Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development to reform existing mitigation regulatory processes. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2013, 5 4962
Mitigation policy and regulatory frameworks are consistent in their strong support for the mitigation hierarchy of: (1) avoiding impacts, (2) minimizing impacts, and then (3) offsetting/compensating for residual impacts. While mitigation frameworks require developers to avoid, minimize and restore biodiversity on-site before considering an offset for residual impacts, there is a lack of quantitative guidance for this decision-making process. What are the criteria for requiring impacts be avoided altogether? Here we examine how conservation planning can guide the application of the mitigation hierarchy to address this issue. In support of the Colombian government's aim to improve siting and mitigation practices for planned development, we examined five pilot projects in landscapes expected to experience significant increases in mining, petroleum and/or infrastructure development. By blending landscape-level conservation planning with application of the mitigation hierarchy, we can proactively identify where proposed development and conservation priorities would be in conflict and where impacts should be avoided. The approach we outline here has been adopted by the Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development to guide licensing decisions, avoid piecemeal licensing, and promote mitigation decisions that maintain landscape condition.
Introducción: Las instituciones que responden a emergencias en salud pública requieren respuestas coordinadas para mitigar y controlar los efectos a partir de la evaluación del riesgo. Con el fin de medir el cumplimiento en cada uno de los procesos a nivel local y nacional, se realizó una evaluación del sistema, en el escenario de un simulacro de casos de cólera. Metodología: Se realizó una evaluación de procesos con metodología mixta mediante la observación y análisis de las actividades definidas en la gestión del riesgo en salud pública ante eventos, brotes y epidemias. La información se recolectó a partir de estrategias de observación con listas de verificación, entrevistas semi-estructuradas notas de campo y la metodología de lecciones aprendidas (reflexión después de la acción). Se realizó análisis descriptivo de los datos obtenidos de las listas de verificación y se identificaron textos significantes que se agruparon en categorías de análisis. Resultados: En el componente cuantitativo se observó un cumplimiento general > 80%. Por escenario se observó un mayor cumplimiento en las actividades desarrolladas en la Institución Prestadora de Servicios de salud (IPS), en el Laboratorio de Salud Pública Departamental (LSPD) y el Sistema de Gestión del Riesgo del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), el menor cumplimiento se observó en el proceso de comunicación del riesgo. En el componente cualitativo, se identificaron fortalezas y debilidades en categorías previamente definidas (participación, coordinación, desempeño, comunicación y recursos). Todos los hallazgos constituyen puntos claves de mejora. Conclusiones: Esta evaluación permitió conocer el cumplimiento en cada proceso de la gestión del riesgo en salud pública a niveles nacional y local, identificando oportunidades de mejora en los procesos.
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