Cancer is a chronic disease that exhibits a huge global health concern. According to World Health Organization (2018), cancer accounts for 9.6 million global deaths. It is estimated that one in six deaths is due to cancer. Common cancers worldwide include lung, breast, colorectal, prostate and stomach cancers. In Malaysia, it is estimated that one in four Malaysian is suffering from cancer (Akhtari-Zavare et al., 2018).The five most common cancers include breast, colorectal, lung, lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer as reported in the Malaysian National Cancer Registry Report 2012-2016 (Azizah et al., 2019). In that period of time, there was 11.3% increase (or 103,507 new cases) in the incidence of cancer (Azizah et al., 2019). Besides that, out-of-pocket expenditure will cause the

The application of rational expectations hypothesis (REH) in macroeconomic research has marked a revolution in economic thinking, and the magnitude of its impact on the world of economics is undeniably significant. However, the extent to which REH applies in real-world settings is ambiguous even though the concept of REH is well established in economics literature because empirical evidence from previous studies is clearly mixed. This study used survey data on gross revenue and capital expenditures to examine the validity of REH in Malaysian manufacturing business expectations. Empirical results indicated that the manufacturers’ expectations are being irrationally constructed in terms of gross revenue predictions but comply with REH properties in Muth's sense in the case of capital expenditures forecasts. Therefore, manufacturing firms in Malaysia are encouraged to incorporate more relevant information into their gross revenue predictions to provide more accurate and realistic forecasting.

No abstract

No abstract

This paper extends the direct measure to business expectations in assessing the doctrine of forecast rationality in the contemporary environment of Malaysia's construction sector. The survey's expectational series on business operational forecasts across the period 1990 to 2010 is inconsistent with Muth's concept of rational expectations. Although strict rationality failed to be evidenced, weakly rational conduct can be observed in capital expenditure forecasts. Nevertheless, both operational variables in question are optimistically biased upward and neither of them can accurately reflect the true market perception. This evidence casts doubt on the usefulness of the investigated survey series in providing a realistic panorama of the construction sector in the near future. Notwithstanding, the irrational upshot may drop a hint to the reader on the root of alarming property overhang and price hikes in construction-related markets since expectations play a foremost role in providing equilibrium in the supply and demand in this growth-initiating market.