In the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, public health experts have emphasized testing, tracking infected people, and tracing their contacts as an effective strategy to reduce the spread of the virus. Several diagnostic methods are reported for detecting the coronavirus in clinical, research, and public health laboratories. Some tests detect the infection directly by detecting the viral RNA and other tests detect the infection indirectly by detecting the host antibodies. A diagnostic test during the pandemic should help make an appropriate clinical decision in a short period of time. Recently reported diagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 have varying throughput, batching capacity, requirement of infrastructure setting, analytical performance, and turnaround times ranging from a few minutes to several hours. These factors should be considered while selecting a reliable and rapid diagnostic method to help make an appropriate decision and prompt public health interventions. This paper reviews recent SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic methods published in journals and reports released by regulatory agencies. We compared the analytical efficiency including limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. In addition, we also looked into ease of use, affordability, and availability of accessories. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the methods and provide our perspectives on priorities for future test development.

SARS-COV-2 predominantly results in a respiratory illness. However, it has also been associated with a wide range of neurological disorders including a broad range of immune neuropathies. These immune neuropathies associated with SARS-COV2 infection include Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), recurrent GBS and exacerbation of pre-existing chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). We describe a case with acute-onset CIDP presenting with three relapses of demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, the third relapse occurring in the 8 week of illness following a previous COVID-19 infection and a recent COVID-19 vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and high COVID-19 antibody level. In our knowledge, this is the ever reported case of acute-onset CIDP associated with COVID-19 vaccine and high COVID-19 antibody level.

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Iodine is an essential trace element required for the regulation of physiological processes involving the thyroid gland. However, inadequate and excessive intake of iodine are responsible for health problems, such as iodine deficiency disorders, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid papillary cancer, and thyrotoxicosis. The Universal Salt Iodization (USI) program has become successful in providing supplemental iodine at the population level globally. Packaging quality, fortification level, and transportation and storage conditions of iodized salt determine the availability of iodine. Previous studies have reported severe health issues caused by excessive iodine intake after the implementation of the USI program. To understand the levels of iodine, we collected 2117 household salt samples from seven districts of Nepal and tested them for iodine content; among them, 98.1% were iodized. Overall median concentration of iodine was 53.9 ppm (range: 43.5-61.4 ppm). The majority (67.2%) of samples had iodine in the range of 45-75 ppm. Approximately 0.9% of samples had inadequate, 13.3% contained adequate, and 83.9% had excessive iodine than the World Health Organization-recommended value. Iodine content varied among the sampling districts and seasons, to some extent. Our study confirmed that iodized salt

INTRODUCTION: Etiological spectrum of acute symptomatic seizures in developing countries is different from developed countries. The major etiological risk factors were central nervous system (CNS) infections (32%), metabolic disorders (32%) and cerebrovascular diseases (21%). 1 Presently CNS infections like malaria, meningitis, tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and neurocysticercosis account for significant number of cases in developing countries. 2 Since these infections vary from region to region; etiology of seizure may also vary from region to region. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: 1.To study the etiological profile of new onset seizures. 2. To study the distribution of various types of seizures and its correlation with etiological profile. MATRIALS AND METHODS: 100 patients admitted with new onset seizures from the hospital attached to S. S. Medical College, REWA and study conducted from july 2014 to October 2015. Eyewitness and patient are interviewed regarding seizure and clinical examination and routine investigation done, with special investigation like CT, MRI, EEG in selected cases. Result was analysed statically and mean and standard deviation was calculated. RESULT: Neuroinfections were the leading cause of seizure, which accounted for 31%, followed by Cerebrovascular accidents 26%, metabolic 22%, Idiopathic 10%, Tumours 6% and miscellaneous causes 5%.The most common cause for GTCS (83% of all cases) was CVA in (30.12%) followed by neuroinfection in (26.5%), metabolic in (20.48%), idiopathic in (12.04%), miscellaneous in (6.02%) and least common was tumours (4.8%). Type of seizures in Neuroinfection patients were GTCS in (70.96%) followed by Focal Seizures without dyscognitive features in (16.12%) and Focal Seizures with dyscognitive features in (6.45%). CVA patients presented with GTCS in (96.15%) followed Focal Seizures without dyscognitive features (3.84%). Metabolic seizures presentimg as GTCS were 77.27% followed by Focal seizure with secondary generalisation (13.63%). Tumours presenting with GTCS were 66.66%, followed by Focal Seizures without dyscognitive features in 16.66% of cases and Focal Seizures without dyscognitive features in 16.66% of cases. All of the idiopathic seizures and seizures in Poisoning were GTCS. CONCLUSION: Neuroinfection (31%) were the leading cause of new onset seizure which mainly present as focal seizure. CVA (26%) is second most common cause which mainly present as GTCS. Also Neuroinfection can be easily prevented by maintaining good hygiene, sanitary conditions and avoiding open defecation.