Vinegar and eggs have rich nutrients. In this study, the mixed form of both derived products, vinegar-egg solution and its products (vinegar-egg concentrate and vinegar-egg condensate) were chosen for an assessment of their biological activity. To further our understanding regarding the anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of vinegar-egg, we investigated its effects on the proliferation and differentiation of U937 cells. Vinegar-egg was treated using spray drying, freeze drying and vacuum concentration and used to stimulate human mononuclear cells. The conditioned media obtained from these cultures by filtration were used to treat U937 cells. Three conditioned media inhibited U937 cell growth by 22.1-67.25% more effectively than PHA-treated control (22.53%). CD11b and CD14 expression on the treated U937 cells were 29.1-45.4% and 31.6-47.2%, respectively. High levels of cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α were detected in the three conditioned media. Vinegar-egg stimulates human mononuclear cells to secrete cytokines, which inhibit the growth of U937 cells and induce their differentiation.

Whey protein isolated from bovine colostrums collected on the second day postpartum was two-stage hydrolyzed by alcalase and flavourzyme. The whey hydrolysates were finally fractionated by ultrafiltration (UF) with a 10 kDa molecular weight (MW) cutoff membrane and subsequently used to evaluate the effect of whey protein hydrolysis on inhibition of DNA oxidative damage and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro. Results showed that whey hydrolysis exhibited not only higher inhibitory activities of oxidative damage of deoxyribose but also an inhibitory effect on the breakdown of supercoiled DNA into open circular DNA and linear DNA. The quantities of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-2′-dG) formed with the addition of whey hydrolysate protein, the hydrolysate fraction of MW >10 kDa, and the hydrolysate fraction of MW <10 kDa were 0.25, 0.06, and 0.09 μg/mL, respectively. The lag time of conjugated diene formation of the control sample, which was only combined with cupric ions and LDL, was 90 min. The samples added with the hydrolysate fractions exhibited higher inhibitory activity on LDL oxidation. The whey hydrolysate fractions extended the lag time of conjugated diene formation to 270 min. The lag time of the whey hydrolysate fractions was 3 times that of the control.

This research investigates the effects of bovine colostrums and their protein hydrolysates on human mononuclear cell (MNC) growth, on the secretion of cytokines (interleukin‐1β, interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor‐α) as well as nitric oxide, and on the growth inhibition of human leukemic U937 cells. The results indicate that the colostrum hydrolysates obtained by porcine small‐intestinal enzymes (PIS) exhibit more significant inhibitory effect on U937 cell growth than do the caseins (PIC) and the whey (PIW) hydrolysates (PIS 57.45%, PIC 42.58% and PIW 48.47% at 1,000 µg/mL). The greatest growth index of MNC, up to 1.43, was achieved by a treatment of PIS at 300 µg/mL for 3 days. The cytokines (IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ) secretion of MNC by a treatment of PIS for 3 days (at 800 µg/mL) was 4,443.35, 325.04 and 4,649.67 pg/mL, respectively. The results suggest that bovine colostrum protein hydrolysates may be utilized in functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Large quantities of protein‐rich bovine colostrums are used for feeding calves or discarded as waste because this glutinous, yellowish fluid is also bitter tasting and coagulates easily upon heating. Such waste is a good source for the extraction of bioactive molecules such as proteins, growth factors, antimicrobial compounds and immunological components. The results of this research shed light on the effects of bovine colostrums and their protein hydrolysates on the immunomodulatory activities and the growth inhibition of U937 cells. They may help in the discovery of new applications while reducing the considerable problem caused by waste disposal. The use of food protein hydrolysates is widely accepted in the field of cosmetics and healthcare products. Bovine colostrum protein hydrolysate products can be useful to enhance human health. Our results point to the possibility that colostrums may be processed into an antileukemic drug or may be used as an immunomodulatory activity ingredient in health foods.

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