We used a viral model to reexamine classical experiments showing that mice previously primed with a "carrier" molecule alone and then challenged with the carrierhapten conjugate exhibited an enhanced antihapten antibody response. Mice were primed with live or UV-inactivated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana (bId) serotype with or without complete Freund's adjuvant. After challenge with VSV New Jersey (NJ), these mice developed a secondary-type IgG response, measured by antibody binding in an ELISA, against both VSV-Ind and VSV-NJ. The same result was found for the reciprocal experiments where mice were primed with VSV-NJ. Similarly, when mice were primed with live VSV, UV-inactivated VSV, or purified VSV glycoprotein G of Ind or NJ serotype and later were challenged with dinitrophenyl (N2ph)-conjugated, UV-inactivated VSV or with N2ph-conjugated G protein of either serotype, they exhibited a secondary-type anti-N2ph antibody response as demonstrated by the binding of IgG to dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin measured by ELISA. In contrast, when neutralizing antibody responses were monitored, VSV-Ind-primed mice challenged with VSV-NJ developed a strictly primary type of anti-VSV-NJ response and vice versa. We conclude that preexistent helper T cells specific for shared carrier determinants do not improve virgin B-cell responses specific for "new," unique determinants that are the target for the biologically relevant neutralizing antibodies. These findings suggest that priming of B cells rather than of helper T cells may be of importance to induce protective immunity mediated by antibodies.

In liberalized power system, the distribution companies are free to choose the contracts with all available generating companies (GENCOs), while the independent system operator acting as regulatory authority. In this article, the liberalized automatic generation control problem is studied for a two‐area interconnected power system. The studies are divided into two parts. In first part, the investigations are carried out with only thermal generations in each area. In second part, the multi‐diverse sourced thermal‐hydro‐gas GENCOs are assumed in each control area. For damping out the system frequency and tie‐line power dynamics, the popularly known PI and PID controllers are employed considering poolco, bilateral and contract violation transactions. In both the parts, the comparative performance between PI/PID controllers is made. Studies reveal that PID outperforms PI controller. A case study with introduction of time delay in the system is performed as the open communication infrastructure introduces inherent time delay in the smart grid scenario. To understand the impact of frequency sensitive loads on system dynamics, the effect of variation in damping coefficient (D) is studied and it is shown how the D is influencing the dynamics. The effect of double reheat turbines is also studied and found that they deteriorate the dynamics when compared to single reheat turbines. In all the above studies, the powerful nature inspired firefly algorithm is employed to optimize the parameters of controllers using the integral squared error method.