: This review focuses on conventional treatment overview, signaling pathways and various reasons for drug resistance with understanding novel methods that can lead to effective therapies. Ovarian cancer is amongst the most common gynecological and lethal cancers in women from the age of 20-60. The survival rate is limited to 5 years due to diagnosis in subsequent stages with reoccurrence of tumor and resistance of chemotherapeutic. The recent clinical trails use combinatorial treatment of carboplatin and paclitaxel on ovarian cancer after cytoreduction of tumor. Predominantly patients are responsive initially to therapy and later develop metastases due to drug resistance. Chemotherapy also leads to drug resistance causing enormous variations at cellular level. Multifaceted mechanisms like drug resistance are associated with number of genes and signaling pathways that process the proliferation of cells. Reasons for resistance include epithelial-mesenchyme, DNA repair activation, autophagy, drug efflux, pathway activation, and so on. Determining the routes on molecular mechanism that target chemoresistance pathways are necessary for controlling the treatment and understanding efficient drug targets can open light on improve therapeutic outcomes. Most common drug used for ovarian cancer is Cisplatin, which activates various chemoresistance pathways ultimately causing drug resistance. There have been substantial improvements in understanding the mechanisms of cisplatin resistance or chemo sensitizing cisplatin for effective treatment. Using therapies with combination that involve phytochemical or novel drug delivery system involving the phytochemicals would be a novel treatment in cancer. Phytochemicals are plant-derived compounds that exhibit anticancer, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory properties that minimalize side effects exerted from chemotherapeutics.

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Background Head and neck cancer ranks as the sixth most common cancer globally. Reduced saliva production brought on by postradiation therapy upsets the delicate balance between bacterial load and a weakened immune system. Oral hygiene is commonly neglected in patients who have undergone radiotherapy and they often develop dry mouth, mucositis due to radiation therapy, etc., as side effects. Despite being a part of the current standard, chlorhexidine carries numerous disadvantages such as taste alteration, teeth staining, and dry mouth. An extensive review of the literature demonstrates the antibacterial properties of essential oils (EOs) derived from plant materials, which may be able to prevent the development of such opportunistic microorganisms in the oral cavity. Methodology The cinnamon bark EO and Cajeput EO were procured and checked for their solubility. The final ratio at which the oils were found to be soluble was the 1:1 (w/v) ratio. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon bark oil ( Cinnamomum verum ) and Cajeput oil ( Melaleuca leucadendron ) against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans was determined by serial dilution method using Resazurin dye, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by a spread plating method. The polyherbal mouthwash was subjected to cytotoxicity assay against human gingival fibroblasts. All the experiments were performed in triplicates. Results The overall results showed that cinnamon bark EO had the strongest efficacy against S. aureus (0.33 ± 0.14 mg/mL) and E. faecalis (0.41 ± 0.14 mg/mL), but not against C. albicans (2.85 ± 2.11 mg/mL). Cajeput EO showed the least efficacy against all the groups; whereas the combination of EOs proved to be the most efficacious and showed good antimicrobial activity against these most commonly encountered microorganisms in head and neck cancer postradiotherapy. Conclusions Cinnamon and Cajeput EOs in combination proved to be effective in this in vitro study against the most common microorganisms encountered in patients with head and neck cancer postradiotherapy and are comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine.