Foot rot is a highly contagious and economically important disease of sheep and goats, caused predominantly by Dichelobacter nodosus. The current investigation was intended to analyse the genetic variation for resistance to caprine foot rot among two purebred native breeds of goats(Malabari and Attappady Black) and crossbred (Malabari crosses with Sannen, Alpine and Boer) goats in Kerala state, India. The cases were identified by observing characteristic symptoms of foot rot in goats, detecting Gram negative large rods from the hoof lesions and by PCR to detect the 783bp amplicon from the 16sRNA gene of D. nodosus. Two hundred and four animals were subjected to the study and statistical analysis of the data generated could substantiate that, there is variation in caprine foot rot resistance among genetic groups studied (p≤0.01) with significantly lower incidence rates in Malabari (14.29%) and Attappady Black (2.29%) compared to the crossbreds (43.75%).

In order to provide an enhanced communication network, the worldwide infrastructure for mobile phones and telecommunication was developed in 1982 in Europe. In the modern-day scenario, Asia has the fastest growing number of mobile phone subscribers in the world. Around 75% of the world's adults have the access to mobile phones.Mobile phones may act as fomites and may facilitate the transmission of microorganisms from one patient to another in the hospital during their treatments. These mobile phones are now described as technical Petri dishes where they could play a role in health-related infections as they spread through the hands of healthcare staff. Aim : To determine the microbial contamination from mobile phones of healthcare workers (HCWs). Objectives : To study the microbial contamination of mobile phones used by healthcare workers, Identify the isolated organism. Materials and Methods: All specimens were processed for gram staining, Culture was done for those samples which were showing gram positive or gram-negative organisms on gram stain on different culture plates (Nutrient agar, Blood agar, MacConkey agar). Plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 0 C, after 24 hours of incubation the culture plates were examined for growth. Result : We had swabbed the 134 mobile phones of health care workers, working in critical areas out of 134 mobile phones, 132 showed the growth of the bacterial pathogen in a significant amount and 2 were negative, so the overall contamination of the mobile phones was found to be 98.50% and no growth was found to be 1.49%. Conclusion :The most predominant bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in our study. It may be due to MRSA residue in the nose, when it comes to our hand then individuals get exposed to cross infection. The dominance of clinical phones that could be contaminated by different microorganisms inside the ICUs and OTs has become unacceptable. there are no rules and regulation for staff to carry their phone in sterile area like OTs, ICUs. Study showed there is no cleaning guidelines for the mobile of health care workers.

Infections with MDR GNB are associated with mortality rates 21% higher than those of non resistant GNB and results in longer in patient stays and higher treatment costs. Several Indian studies have reported prevalence of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species in a range of 11% to 81%, because of ample variation reported in prevalence and incidence of carbapenemases reported from different geographical region from time to time, we aimed to determine prevalence of carbapenemase producing organism and carbapenemase encoding genes among clinical MDR-GNB isolates from our area and also to assess the performance of the phenotypic tests. This was a cross sectional study. A total of 510 multi drug resistant isolates included were subjected to MHT and MBL E strip Test to detect carbapenamase production. In addition these isolates were subjected to PCR assay to confirm presence of carbapenamase genes encoding for these enzymes. The study found carbapenemase prevalence of 58.6% by phenotypic tests. bla NDM was the most common gene (24.7%) found by PCR assay followed by bla KPC (14.9%), bla VIM (9.6%) and bla OXA-48 (8.6%). Awareness of the prevalence and incidence of the carbapenem resistance and carbapenemase enzymes is crucial in the prevention of their spread and selection of appropriate treatment options. Study shows high prevalence rate of carbapenam resistant gram negative bacilli in this area, which indicates danger of limited treatment options and requirement of continuous detection of these cases to limit spread of resistant cases.

Pyrexia of Unknown Origin) is referred to when temperature is observed above 38.3 0 C (101 0 F) on many occasions over a period of > 3 weeks and unable to diagnose despite 1week of thorough investigations. Different studies reported diagnosis of malaria in 5 to 50% cases; leptospirosis in 3 to 10% cases and influenza in 8 to 12% cases Dengue fever and malaria are arthropod born diseases and endemic in many parts of India during the monsoon season. Leptospirosis and scrub typhus are zoonotic infections and are widely prevalent in areas with heavy monsoon and agrarian way of life. Aim : To evaluate the study of various Rickettsia infections in patients suffering from Fever Of Unknown Origin. Objectives: To understand the occurrence of infections caused by rickettsial species in suspected cases of FUO. To increase awareness and clinical suspicion among doctors for these infections. Materials and Methods: The assay was performed using P.vulgaris OX19, OX2, OXK strains according to manufacture's instructions by tube method. Serum will be diluted from 1/20 to 1/640 titer. A single Weil Felix titer of >1:160 or fourfold rise in titers on repeat testing starting from 1:40 will be accepted as a positive result. Result: A total 100 cases were including in my study in which 28 cases were positive. Out of 28 positive rickettsial samples, females were 17 and males were 11. Spotted Fever(9), Endemic Fever(8), Epidemic Fever(7), Scrub Typhus Fever(4). Conclusion:With the growing number of cases detected in India, scrub typhus is fast emerging as a public health threat and also due to limited diagnostics leading to underreporting, Weil Felix test could be used in adjunct with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and blood parameters in the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases.

Brucellosis is the most common bacterial zoonotic disease worldwide.It is mainly occupational disease reported in farmers, slaughter house workers, animal handlers and meat inspectors. This disease is endemic in many parts of Asia, including India. Brucellosis is an important, but neglected major cause of pyrexia of unknown origin(PUO). Diagnosis of brucellosis is difficult. Hence the medical and laboratory staff needs to be alert to recognize this condition.To assess the possible risk factors associated with human brucellosis.To study frequency of human brucellosis in relation to occupation, age and sex.From September (2018) to November (2019) 102 Serum samples of PUO cases were analysed for brucellosis. All serum samples were analysed by slide agglutination method using standard specific brucella antigen.We observed that human brucellosis is present in PUO patients. The total number of brucellosis positive cases were found to be 14 (13.72%) out of 102 PUO cases. Among positive cases, males were 8 (57.14%) and females were 6(42.85%). Highest brucellosis positive cases were seen in age-group between 15-30 years 6(42.85%) followed by 31-45 years 5(35.71%), 46-60 years 2(14.28%) &>60 1(7.14%) in PUO patients.With the growing number of brucellosis cases detected in India. Brucellosis is the fast emerging as a public health threat and also due to limited diagnostics leading to underreporting. The study also highlights the innovative and cost effective methods for rapid and early reporting and ruling out brucellosis in PUO cases.