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Previous studies have shown that plant–pollinator mutualistic interactions experience highly interannual variation. Given that pollinators often move across multiple plant species, the plant‒plant interactions that take place via heterospecific pollen (HP) transfer may also vary temporally, which could have important implications for floral evolution and community assembly. Here, we evaluated the interannual variation in plant–pollinator networks and plant‒plant heterospecific pollen transfer (HPT) networks of a subalpine meadow community in Southwest China for three consecutive years. The interactions largely varied between years for both network types. The composition of donor-species HP deposited on the plants varied less than did the visit composition of the pollinators, which suggested that HP could be transferred from identical donor species to recipient species through different shared pollinators between years. The plant species were at more similar positions in the HPT network than they were in the plant–pollinator network across years. Moreover, the more generalized plant species in the plant–pollinator network tended to export their pollen grains and more strongly influence HPT. We evaluated the relatively stable structure of the HPT network compared with the plant–pollinator network, which represents an important step in the integration of plant–pollinator and plant‒plant interactions.

Students in primary school are in the critical stage of physical and mental growth, school education should be conducted not only in the students' learning situation, the cultivation and learning in morality and legal concept for students should also be given top priority so as to create teaching environment and design based teaching content for students in developing correct values and outlook on life. The discipline of morality and rule of law in primary schools focuses on cultivating students' moral accomplishment and concept of rule of law, so that students can have a comprehensive concept of morality and rule of law from the perspective of themselves, family, collectivism and then the society on the whole, thus forming independent thinking ability and attitude of with comprehensive quality. The physical and mental healthy growth of students in primary school is an indispensable part of teaching activities in primary school. This paper will also put forward some corresponding teaching practices to provide reference for improving the effectiveness of classroom teaching in morality and rule of law in primary school.

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