Continued social development increased the consumption of fossil fuels in the past several decades. However, fossil fuel reserves are gradually decreasing. Moreover, the largescale consumption of fossil fuels imposed a huge environmental burden owing to excessive emissions of greenhouse gases (e.g., CO 2), which contribute to the greenhouse effect (Yilmaz & Atmanli, 2017). As an alternative of fossil fuel, biofuel has received considerable attention in various countries. There are two pathways for converting biomass or vegetable oils into hydrocarbons. The first involves the conversion of biomass into bio-oil by pyrolysis, followed by a variety of ways to produce hydrocarbon fuels (Huber et al., 2006). The second uses vegetable or animal oils to produce hydrocarbons via hydrodeoxygenation (Chuck & Donnelly, 2014). The vegetable and animal oil pathway exhibits higher conversion rates and thus offers a better research prospective. Unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils can be hydrotreated and deoxidized using a two-step method. In the first step, unsaturated fatty acids are converted to saturated alkanes over a sulfide Ni-Mo

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