A 37-year-old G1-P1 was diagnosed by ultrasonography at 26 weeks of gestation as having an abnormally large placenta with hemangiomas and a fetus associated with exomphalos. Placental protein 5 levels were relatively high in placental protein levels in maternal serum. The infant, delivered by cesarean section at 34 weeks, had the typical clinical features associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. The abnormally large placenta weighed 1,492 g, measured 25 × 25 × 5.1 cm, and featured multiple hemangiomas. Microscopic placental features included edematous villi, increased fibrin deposition, intervillous thrombi, and multiple angiomatous and cellular chorangiomas.
Plant-derived phytochemicals have been interested in as nutraceuticals for preventing the onset and progress of diabetes mellitus and its serious complications in recent years. Moringa oleifera Lam. is used in vegetables and in herbal medicine for its health-promoting properties against various diseases including diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to examine an effect of Moringa oleifera on diabetic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia by meta-analyzing the current evidence of diabetic rodent models. Peer-reviewed studies written in English from two databases, PubMed and Embase, were searched to 30 April 2021. Studies reporting blood glucose or lipid levels in diabetic rodents with and without receiving extracts of Moringa oleifera were included. Forty-four studies enrolling 349 diabetic rodents treated with extracts of Moringa oleifera and 350 diabetic controls reported blood glucose levels. The pooled effect size was −3.92 (95% CI: −4.65 to −3.19) with a substantial heterogeneity. This effect was likely to be, at least in part, modified by the type of diabetic models. Moreover, diabetic hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were also significantly improved in diabetic rodent models treated with Moringa oleifera.
The immunohistochemical localization in the human placenta of new placental proteins PP1, PP19, and PP21 was clarified using modified indirect enzyme-labeled antibody method and compared with that of pregnancy-specific Β1-protein (SPl). The major results are as follows: positive staining for PP1 was seen at the nucleus and cytoplasm of villous cytotrophoblasts, the X cells at the basal plate, and of chorionic trophoblasts, while the decidua cells and amnion were not stained. PP19 was characteristically seen in the nucleus and cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblasts. X cells in basal plate, chorionic trophoblasts, and maternal leukocytes. The villous cytotrophoblasts, decidua cells, and amnion were not stained. PP21 localization was found at the microvilli and basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblasts and at the cytotrophoblast plasma membrane of the chorionic villus in early gestation. In late gestation, increased staining was seen at the syncytiotrophoblast microvilli and the villous basement membrane, and moderate staining at plasma membrane of the amniotic epithelium and chorionic trophoblasts. SPl was found only at the syncytiotrophoblast cytoplasm of chorionic villi. Studies using these four placental proteins simultaneously may therefore provide a new key learning about unknown metabolic functions of trophoblasts.
The immunohistochemical localization of placental protein 21 (PP21) was marked in the syncytial brush border and basal membrane during the 1 st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy and also in the chorionic epithelial brush border and basement membrane at term. A weaker stain was found in the cell membranes of amniotic epithelial and chorionic trophoblast cells. Neither heparin nor changes in temperature significantly influenced PP21 concentration. Relatively high serum PP21 concentrations were measured during the follicular and luteal phases in healthy nonpregnant women and in healthy men whose seminal plasma also showed a high PP21 concentration. Serum PP21 levels in normal pregnancy rose from a median of 29.1 ng/ml at 6–7 weeks of gestation to 82.0 ng/ml at 36–37 weeks of gestation. Although maternal urine showed low PP21 levels during pregnancy, amniotic fluid PP21 levels were higher at 7–21 weeks of gestation than at term. Cord blood sera showed almost the same PP21 concentration as maternal sera, but retroplacental blood showed much higher levels. Maternal serum PP21 levels in hydatidiform mole patients did not differ from the normal pregnancy range, although their molar vesicular fluids contained higher PP21 concentrations. These results suggest an extraplacental source for PP21.
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